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Matthew

About this book
Chapter 13

1 On that day after Jesus went out of the house, he sat by the lake. 2 And such a large crowd gathered around him that he got into a boat to sit while the whole crowd stood on the shore. 3 He told them many things in parables, saying: “Listen! A sower went out to sow.⁠ 4 And as he sowed, some seeds fell along the path, and the birds came and devoured them. 5 Other seeds fell on rocky ground where they did not have much soil. They sprang up quickly because the soil was not deep. 6 But when the sun came up, they were scorched, and because they did not have sufficient root, they withered. 7 Other seeds fell among the thorns, and they grew up and choked them. 8 But other seeds fell on good soil and produced grain, some a hundred times as much, some sixty, and some thirty. 9 The one who has ears had better listen!” 10 Then the disciples came to him and said, “Why do you speak to them in parables?” 11 He replied, “You have been given the opportunity to know the secrets of the kingdom of heaven, but they have not.⁠ 12 For whoever has will be given more, and will have an abundance. But whoever does not have, even what he has will be taken from him.⁠ 13 For this reason I speak to them in parables: Although they see they do not see,⁠ and although they hear they do not hear nor do they understand. 14 And concerning them the prophecy of Isaiah is fulfilled that says: “‘You will listen carefully yet will never understand, you will look closely yet will never comprehend. 15 For the heart of this people has become dull; they are hard of hearing, and they have shut their eyes, so that they would not see with their eyes and hear with their ears and understand with their hearts and turn, and I would heal them.’ 16 “But your eyes are blessed because they see, and your ears because they hear.⁠ 17 For I tell you the truth, many prophets and righteous people longed to see what you see but did not see it, and to hear what you hear but did not hear it. 18 “So listen to the parable of the sower: 19 When anyone hears the word about the kingdom and does not understand it, the evil one comes and snatches what was sown in his heart; this is the seed sown along the path. 20 The seed sown on rocky ground⁠ is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy. 21 But he has no root in himself and does not endure; when trouble or persecution comes because of the word, immediately he falls away. 22 The seed sown among thorns is the person who hears the word, but worldly cares and the seductiveness of wealth choke the word, so it produces nothing. 23 But as for the seed sown on good soil, this is the person who hears the word and understands. He bears fruit, yielding a hundred, sixty, or thirty times what was sown.” 24 He presented them with another parable: “The kingdom of heaven is like a person who sowed good seed in his field. 25 But while everyone was sleeping, an enemy came and sowed darnel among the wheat and went away. 26 When the plants sprouted and produced grain, then the darnel also appeared. 27 So the slaves of the landowner came and said to him,⁠ ‘Sir, didn’t you sow good seed in your field? Then where did the darnel come from?’ 28 He said, ‘An enemy has done this!’ So the slaves replied, ‘Do you want us to go and gather it?’ 29 But he said, ‘No, since in gathering the darnel you may uproot the wheat along with it. 30 Let both grow together until the harvest. At harvest time I will tell the reapers, “First collect the darnel and tie it in bundles to be burned, but then gather the wheat into my barn.”’” 31 He gave them another parable: “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed⁠ that a man took and sowed in his field.⁠ 32 It is the smallest of all the seeds, but when it has grown it is the greatest garden plant and becomes a tree, so that the wild birds come and nest in its branches.”⁠ 33 He told them another parable: “The kingdom of heaven is like yeast that a woman took and mixed with three measures of flour⁠ until all the dough had risen.”⁠ 34 Jesus spoke all these things in parables to the crowds; he did not speak to them without a parable. 35 This fulfilled what was spoken by the prophet: “I will open my mouth in parables, I will announce what has been hidden from the foundation of the world.”⁠ 36 Then he left the crowds and went into the house. And his disciples came to him saying, “Explain to us the parable of the darnel in the field.” 37 He answered, “The one who sowed the good seed is the Son of Man. 38 The field is the world and the good seed are the people of the kingdom. The poisonous weeds are the people of the evil one, 39 and the enemy who sows them is the devil. The harvest is the end of the age, and the reapers are angels. 40 As the poisonous weeds are collected and burned with fire, so it will be at the end of the age. 41 The Son of Man will send his angels, and they will gather from his kingdom everything that causes sin as well as all lawbreakers.⁠ 42 They will throw them into the fiery furnace,⁠ where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.⁠ 43 Then the righteous will shine like the sun in the kingdom of their Father.⁠ The one who has ears had better listen!⁠ 44 “The kingdom of heaven is like a treasure, hidden in a field, that a person found and hid.⁠ Then because of joy he went and sold all that he had and bought that field.⁠ 45 “Again, the kingdom of heaven is like a merchant searching for fine pearls.⁠ 46 When he found a pearl of great value, he went out and sold everything he had and bought it.⁠ 47 “Again, the kingdom of heaven is like a net that was cast into the sea that caught all kinds of fish.⁠ 48 When it was full, they pulled it ashore, sat down, and put the good fish into containers and threw the bad away. 49 It will be this way at the end of the age. Angels will come and separate the evil from the righteous 50 and throw them into the fiery furnace, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth. 51 “Have you understood all these things?” They replied, “Yes.” 52 Then he said to them, “Therefore every expert in the law who has been trained for the kingdom of heaven is like the owner of a house who brings out of his treasure what is new and old.”⁠ 53 Now when Jesus finished these parables, he moved on from there. 54 Then he came to his hometown and began to teach the people in their synagogue. They were astonished and said, “Where did this man get such wisdom and miraculous powers? 55 Isn’t this the carpenter’s son? Isn’t his mother named Mary? And aren’t his brothers James, Joseph, Simon, and Judas? 56 And aren’t all his sisters here with us? So where did he get all this?” 57 And so they took offense at him. But Jesus said to them, “A prophet is not without honor except in his hometown and in his own house.” 58 And he did not do many miracles there because of their unbelief.

Texts in conversation

Compare Matthew 13:12 and Luke 8:18 and Gospel of Thomas 41

New Testament · Nag Hammadi

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Summary

In Matthew and Luke, Jesus connects what people receive with how they listen to his teaching. In the Gospel of Thomas, what a person has is in their hand, adding a concrete image to the same promise of more and threat of loss.

Passages

Matthew 13:12

New Testament
11 He replied, “You have been given the opportunity to know the secrets of the kingdom of heaven, but they have not. 12 For whoever has will be given more, and will have an abundance. But whoever does not have, even what he has will be taken from him. 13 For this reason I speak to them in parables: Although they see they do not see, and although they hear they do not hear nor do they understand.
70–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Matthew

Luke 8:18

New Testament
16 “No one lights a lamp and then covers it with a jar or puts it under a bed, but puts it on a lampstand so that those who come in can see the light. 17 For nothing is hidden that will not be revealed, and nothing concealed that will not be made known and brought to light. 18 So listen carefully, for whoever has will be given more, but whoever does not have, even what he thinks he has will be taken from him.”
75–85 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Luke

Gospel of Thomas 41

Nag Hammadi
40 Jesus said, “A grapevine has been planted apart from the Father, and since it is not strong, it will be pulled up by its roots and destroyed.” 41 Jesus said, “Whoever has something in his hand will be given more; and whoever has nothing, even the little he has will be taken away.” 42 Jesus said, “Be passersby.”
135–200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Gospel of Thomas

References

“... 4. To the One Who Has (Mark 4.25; Q 19.26; Gospel of Thomas 41) a. Mark and Q ‘The rich get richer; the poor get poorer.’ The principle in Mark’s concluding aphorism would seem self-evident. One finds the saying earlier in Matthew’s parable sermon (Mt. 13.12) and repeated as the conclusion to the parable of the Talents (Mt. 25.29). Luke includes it in his parables chapter (Lk. 8.18) and with the Talents (Lk. 19.26). Hence, inclusion in Q is assured. [...] In reconstructing the Q original, it is more likely that Matthew’s introductory [...] is due to conflation with Mark. The Matthean [...] is added to the Markan and Q forms and is thus redactional. [...] b. The Version in Thomas Thomas’ version of the saying is found in a third context. It is preceded by the logion on the plant, not of the Father, and followed by the exhortation to ‘be wanderers’ and the comparison of the fruit and the tree. The saying displays one major stylistic variation from the synoptic versions: He who has in his hand, it shall be given to him; and he who does not have, even the little he has shall be taken away from him. The addition of ‘in his hand’ is similar to Thomas’ introduction to the parable of the Sower (logion 9) and the parable of the reaper (logion 21). This phrase, therefore, can hardly be ascribed to the oral tradition. The remaining logion is so close to either Mark or Q that a literary relationship is highly likely. A thesis of oral independence would be based only on convenience. And further, one again finds that oral tradition has not transmitted the logion independently in a consistent chain of aphorisms. ...”
Barry W. Henaut, Oral Tradition and the Gospels: The Problem of Mark 4, JSNTSup 82 (Sheffield: JSOT, 1993), 288–290.

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Matthew 13:12 and Luke 8:18 and Gospel of Thomas 41

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