Go to Related Reading
About this book

Matthew

About this book
Chapter 10

1 Jesus called his 12 disciples and gave them authority over unclean spirits so they could cast them out and heal every kind of disease and sickness. 2 Now these are the names of the 12 apostles: first, Simon (called Peter), and Andrew his brother; James son of Zebedee and John his brother; 3 Philip and Bartholomew; Thomas and Matthew the tax collector; James the son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus; 4 Simon the Zealot and Judas Iscariot, who betrayed him. 5 Jesus sent out these 12, instructing them as follows: “Do not go on a road that leads to Gentile regions and do not enter any Samaritan town. 6 Go instead to the lost sheep of the house of Israel. 7 As you go, preach this message: ‘The kingdom of heaven is near!’ 8 Heal the sick,⁠ raise the dead,⁠ cleanse lepers, cast out demons. Freely you received, freely give.⁠ 9 Do not take gold, silver, or copper in your belts; 10 no bag for the journey; or an extra tunic, or sandals or staff; for the worker deserves his provisions. 11 Whenever you enter a town or village, find out who is worthy there and stay with them until you leave. 12 As you enter the house, greet those within it. 13 And if the house is worthy, let your peace come on it, but if it is not worthy, let your peace return to you. 14 And if anyone will not welcome you or listen to your message, shake the dust off your feet as you leave that house or that town. 15 I tell you the truth, it will be more bearable for the region of Sodom and Gomorrah on the day of judgment than for that town! 16 “I am sending you out like sheep surrounded by wolves,⁠ so be wise as serpents and innocent as doves.⁠ 17 Beware of people, because they will hand you over to councils and flog you in their synagogues. 18 And you will be brought before governors and kings because of me, as a witness to them and to the Gentiles.⁠ 19 Whenever they hand you over for trial, do not worry about how to speak or what to say, for what you should say will be given to you at that time. 20 For it is not you speaking, but the Spirit of your Father speaking through you. 21 “Brother will hand over brother to death, and a father his child. Children will rise against parents and have them put to death.⁠ 22 And you will be hated by everyone because of my name. But the one who endures to the end will be saved!⁠ 23 Whenever they persecute you in one town, flee to another! I tell you the truth, you will not finish going through all the towns of Israel before the Son of Man comes. 24 “A disciple is not greater than his teacher, nor a slave greater than his master. 25 It is enough for the disciple to become like his teacher, and the slave like his master. If they have called the head of the house ‘Beelzebul,’ how much worse will they call the members of his household!⁠ 26 “Do not be afraid of them, for nothing is hidden that will not be revealed, and nothing is secret that will not be made known. 27 What I say to you in the dark, tell in the light, and what is whispered in your ear, proclaim from the housetops. 28 Do not be afraid of those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. Instead, fear the one who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell.⁠ 29 Aren’t two sparrows sold for a penny? Yet not one of them falls to the ground apart from your Father’s will.⁠ 30 Even all the hairs on your head are numbered. 31 So do not be afraid; you are more valuable than many sparrows. 32 “Whoever, then, acknowledges me before people, I will acknowledge before my Father in heaven.⁠ 33 But whoever denies me before people, I will deny him also before my Father in heaven. 34 “Do not think that I have come to bring peace to the earth. I have not come to bring peace but a sword!⁠ 35 For I have come to set a man against his father, a daughter against her mother, and a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law,⁠ 36 and a man’s enemies will be the members of his household. 37 “Whoever loves father or mother more than me is not worthy of me, and whoever loves son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me.⁠ 38 And whoever does not take up his cross and follow me is not worthy of me. 39 Whoever finds his life will lose it, and whoever loses his life because of me will find it.⁠ 40 “Whoever receives you receives me, and whoever receives me receives the one who sent me.⁠ 41 Whoever receives a prophet in the name of a prophet will receive a prophet’s reward. Whoever receives a righteous person in the name of a righteous person will receive a righteous person’s reward. 42 And whoever gives only a cup of cold water to one of these little ones in the name of a disciple, I tell you the truth, he will never lose his reward.”⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Matthew 10:16 and Gospel of Thomas 39 and Song of Songs Rabbah 2.14.1

New Testament · Nag Hammadi · Rabbinic

Share:

Summary

In Matthew and the Gospel of Thomas, Jesus urges both a serpent's wisdom and a dove's innocence. In Song of Songs Rabbah, God assigns these qualities to different relationships, innocence toward him and cunning toward the nations.

Passages

Matthew 10:16

New Testament
16 “I am sending you out like sheep surrounded by wolves, so be wise as serpents and innocent as doves. 17 Beware of people, because they will hand you over to councils and flog you in their synagogues. 18 And you will be brought before governors and kings because of me, as a witness to them and to the Gentiles. 19 Whenever they hand you over for trial, do not worry about how to speak or what to say, for what you should say will be given to you at that time.
70–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Matthew

Gospel of Thomas 39

Nag Hammadi
38 Jesus said, “Many times you have desired to hear these sayings that I am speaking to you, and you have no one else from whom to hear them. There will be days when you will seek me and will not find me.” 39 Jesus said, “The Pharisees and the scribes have taken the keys of knowledge and have hidden them. They have not entered, nor have they permitted those who want to enter to do so. But you—be as shrewd as serpents and as innocent as doves.” 40 Jesus said, “A grapevine has been planted apart from the Father, and since it is not strong, it will be pulled up by its roots and destroyed.”
135–200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Gospel of Thomas

Song of Songs Rabbah 2.14.1

Rabbinic · Aggadah
“My dove, in the clefts of the rock.” Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said: The Holy One blessed be He said of Israel: ‘For Me they are innocent like doves; however, for the nations of the world they are as cunning as snakes’—that is what is written: “Shadrakh, Meshakh, and Aved Nego spoke, saying to the king: Nebuchadnezzar…” (Daniel 3:16). If “the king,” why “Nebuchadnezzar,” if “Nebuchadnezzar,” why “the king”? Rather, this is what they said to him: ‘With regard to municipal tax, head tax, state tax, and produce tax, you are our king; that is what is written: “To the king: Nebuchadnezzar.” But with regard to this matter, that you are telling us to prostrate ourselves to your idol, you are Nebuchadnezzar and Nebuchadnezzar is your name; this man and [a dog] who barks are equal to us.’ Nebuchadnezzar barks [navaḥ] like a dog, inflates like a [leather] jug [kad], and chirps [nazar] like a cricket. Immediately, he barked like a dog, inflated like a jug, and chirped like a cricket.
790–990 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Song of Songs Rabbah

References

“... 39.3 But you, be clever as serpents, and innocent as doves. This paradox is paralleled in Matt. 10.16 as well as in P. Oxy. LX 4009 (which some have assigned to the Gospel of Peter). There is a strikingly similar Rabbinic parallel: ‘R. Judah said in the name of R. Simeon: “With me [sc. God] they are innocent like doves, but with the nations they are cunning like serpents.”’ Valantasis glosses ‘wise’ as ‘sly’ here, which is probably overly negative: despite the association which φρόνιμος could have not just with serpents but with the Serpent, within Thomas the more natural associations are the wise fisherman (8.1–2), the ‘prudent man’ (21.9), and the shrewd merchant (76.2). The emphasis is thus probably on ‘shrewdness’, rather than underhand cunning. The innocence probably refers to being uncorrupted by false teaching from any of the groups rivalling the Thomas movement. ...”
Simon Gathercole, The Gospel of Thomas: Introduction and Commentary (Leiden: Brill, 2014), 372–373.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Your feedback

Matthew 10:16 and Gospel of Thomas 39 and Song of Songs Rabbah 2.14.1

Leave a comment

Your questions and comments are welcome!

Comments

Glossary

Search the Library