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Mark

About this book
Chapter 4

1 Again he began to teach by the lake. Such a large crowd gathered around him that he got into a boat on the lake and sat there while the whole crowd was on the shore by the lake. 2 He taught them many things in parables, and in his teaching said to them: 3 “Listen! A sower went out to sow.⁠ 4 And as he sowed, some seed fell along the path, and the birds came and devoured it.⁠ 5 Other seed fell on rocky ground where it did not have much soil. It sprang up at once because the soil was not deep. 6 When the sun came up it was scorched, and because it did not have sufficient root, it withered. 7 Other seed fell among the thorns, and they grew up and choked it, and it did not produce grain. 8 But other seed fell on good soil and produced grain, sprouting and growing; some yielded thirty times as much, some sixty, and some a hundred times.”⁠ 9 And he said, “Whoever has ears to hear had better listen!” 10 When he was alone, those around him with the Twelve asked him about the parables. 11 He said to them, “The secret of the kingdom of God has been given to you. But to those outside, everything is in parables,⁠ 12 “so that although they look they may look but not see, and although they hear they may hear but not understand, so they may not repent and be forgiven.” 13 He said to them, “Don’t you understand this parable? Then how will you understand any parable? 14 The sower sows the word. 15 These are the ones on the path where the word is sown: Whenever they hear, immediately Satan comes and snatches the word that was sown in them. 16 These are the ones sown on rocky ground: As soon as they hear the word, they receive it with joy. 17 But they have no root in themselves and do not endure. Then, when trouble or persecution comes because of the word, immediately they fall away. 18 Others are the ones sown among thorns:⁠ They are those who hear the word, 19 but worldly cares, the seductiveness of wealth, and the desire for other things come in and choke the word, and it produces nothing. 20 But these are the ones sown on good soil: They hear the word and receive it and bear fruit, one thirty times as much, one sixty, and one a hundred.” 21 He also said to them, “A lamp isn’t brought to be put under a basket or under a bed, is it? Isn’t it to be placed on a lampstand? 22 For nothing is hidden except to be revealed,⁠ and nothing concealed except to be brought to light. 23 If anyone has ears to hear, he had better listen!” 24 And he said to them, “Take care about what you hear. The measure you use will be the measure you receive, and more will be added to you. 25 For whoever has will be given more, but whoever does not have, even what he has will be taken from him.”⁠ 26 He also said, “The kingdom of God is like someone who spreads seed on the ground. 27 He goes to sleep and gets up, night and day, and the seed sprouts and grows, though he does not know how. 28 By itself the soil produces a crop, first the stalk, then the head, then the full grain in the head. 29 And when the grain is ripe, he sends in the sickle because the harvest has come.”⁠ 30 He also asked, “To what can we compare the kingdom of God, or what parable can we use to present it? 31 It is like a mustard seed⁠ that when sown in the ground, even though it is the smallest of all the seeds in the ground— 32 when it is sown, it grows up, becomes the greatest of all garden plants, and grows large branches so that the wild birds can nest in its shade.” 33 So with many parables like these, he spoke the word to them, as they were able to hear. 34 He did not speak to them without a parable. But privately he explained everything to his own disciples. 35 On that day, when evening came, Jesus said to his disciples, “Let’s go across to the other side of the lake.” 36 So after leaving the crowd, they took him along, just as he was, in the boat, and other boats were with him. 37 Now a great windstorm developed and the waves were breaking into the boat, so that the boat was nearly swamped.⁠ 38 But he was in the stern, sleeping on a cushion. They woke him up and said to him, “Teacher, don’t you care that we are about to die?” 39 So he got up and rebuked the wind, and said to the sea, “Be quiet! Calm down!” Then the wind stopped, and it was dead calm. 40 And he said to them, “Why are you cowardly? Do you still not have faith?” 41 They were overwhelmed by fear and said to one another, “Who then is this? Even the wind and sea obey him!”

Texts in conversation

Compare Mark 4:8 and Gospel of Thomas 9

New Testament · Nag Hammadi

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Summary

In Mark's sower parable, three failed crops are followed by three successful harvests. The Gospel of Thomas keeps the three failures but has only two harvests, breaking the repeated pattern of three and adding worms as another threat to the seed.

Passages

Mark 4:8

New Testament
3 “Listen! A sower went out to sow. 4 And as he sowed, some seed fell along the path, and the birds came and devoured it. 5 Other seed fell on rocky ground where it did not have much soil. It sprang up at once because the soil was not deep. 6 When the sun came up it was scorched, and because it did not have sufficient root, it withered. 7 Other seed fell among the thorns, and they grew up and choked it, and it did not produce grain. 8 But other seed fell on good soil and produced grain, sprouting and growing; some yielded thirty times as much, some sixty, and some a hundred times.”
60–75 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Mark

Gospel of Thomas 9

Nag Hammadi
8 And he said, “The human being is like a wise fisherman who cast his net into the sea and drew it up from the sea full of little fish. Among them the wise fisherman found a large, fine fish. He threw all the little fish back into the sea, and chose the large fish without difficulty. Whoever has ears to hear should hear.” 9 Jesus said, “Look, the sower went out, took a handful of seeds, and scattered them. Some fell on the road, and the birds came and gathered them. Others fell on rock and they did not take root in the soil and did not produce ears. Others fell among thorns, and they choked the seeds and worms ate them. And others fell on good soil, and it produced good fruit. It yielded sixty per measure and one hundred and twenty per measure.” 10 Jesus said, “I have cast fire upon the world, and look, I am guarding it until it blazes.”
135–200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Gospel of Thomas

References

“... Mark includes this as the conclusion to the thorny ground, however, and Thomas has there instead his distinctive ‘and worms ate them (the seeds)’. The question of location is significant. Given that the good soil does produce a harvest it is natural to parallel this earlier in the parable. The change of location could therefore be either a literary change or an oral variation. [...] The sections regarding the thorns are quite similar. Both Mark and Thomas have the key action of choking out the seed. In place of the thorns growing up Thomas notes that the worms ate the seed. This is a strange motif given that the choking thistles have already killed off the sprouting plants. The rationale for the image is found in such texts as Isa. 66.24 and Mk 9.48. Thomas uses this image at the conclusion to the parable of the Pearl (logion 76). In other words, mention of the worm seems ‘forced and unnatural’. [...] The conclusion in Thomas is significant: it lacks the ascending progression in triadic form. Indeed, although literary critics make much of this triad, Mark is the only version with this feature. Matthew, Luke and Thomas all differ at this point. The exact triadic parallel between unfruitful and fruitful seed, therefore, is attested by only one version of the parable. ...”
Barry W. Henaut, Oral Tradition and the Gospels: The Problem of Mark 4, JSNTSup 82 (Sheffield: JSOT, 1993), 226–227.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Mark 4:8 and Gospel of Thomas 9

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