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Malachi

About this book
Chapter 1

1 This is an oracle, the Lord’s message to Israel through Malachi:⁠ 2 “I have shown love to you,” says the Lord, but you say, “How have you shown love to us?” “Esau was Jacob’s brother,” the Lord explains, “yet I chose Jacob⁠ 3 and rejected Esau. I turned Esau’s mountains into a deserted wasteland and gave his territory to the wild jackals.”⁠ 4 Edom says, “Though we are devastated, we will once again build the ruined places.” So the Lord of Heaven’s Armies responds, “They indeed may build, but I will overthrow. They will be known as the land of evil, the people with whom the Lord is permanently displeased. 5 Your eyes will see it, and then you will say, ‘May the Lord be magnified even beyond the border of Israel!’” 6 “A son naturally honors his father and a slave respects his master. If I am your father, where is my honor?⁠ If I am your master, where is my respect?⁠ The Lord of Heaven’s Armies asks you this, you priests who make light of my name! But you reply, ‘How have we made light of your name?’⁠ 7 You are offering improper sacrifices on my altar, yet you ask, ‘How have we offended you?’ By treating the table of the Lord as if it is of no importance. 8 For when you offer blind animals as a sacrifice, is that not wrong? And when you offer the lame and sick, is that not wrong as well? Indeed, try offering them to your governor! Will he be pleased with you or show you favor?” asks the Lord of Heaven’s Armies.⁠ 9 “But now plead for God’s favor that he might be gracious to us.” “With this kind of offering in your hands, how can he be pleased with you?” asks the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. 10 “I wish that one of you would close the temple doors, so that you no longer would light useless fires on my altar. I am not pleased with you,” says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, “and I will no longer accept an offering from you. 11 For from the east to the west my name will be great among the nations.⁠ Incense and pure offerings will be offered in my name everywhere, for my name will be great among the nations,” says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies.⁠ 12 “But you are profaning it by saying that the table of the Lord is common and its offerings despicable. 13 You also say, ‘How tiresome it is.’ You turn up your nose at it,” says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies,⁠ “and instead bring what is stolen, lame, or sick. You bring these things for an offering! Should I accept this from you?” asks the Lord. 14 “There will be harsh condemnation for the hypocrite who has a valuable male animal in his flock but vows and sacrifices something inferior to the Lord. For I am a great king,” says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, “and my name is awesome among the nations.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 15:21 and Malachi 1:8

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Deuteronomy says animals with defects like lameness or blindness cannot be offered for sacrifice but may be eaten at home. Malachi criticizes priests for offering such animals and adds more examples, showing how earlier traditions developed over time.

Passages

Deuteronomy 15:21

Hebrew Bible
19 You must set apart for the Lord your God every firstborn male born to your herds and flocks. You must not work the firstborn of your bulls or shear the firstborn of your flocks. 20 You and your household must eat them annually before the Lord your God in the place he chooses. 21 If one of them has any kind of blemish—lameness, blindness, or anything else—you may not offer it as a sacrifice to the Lord your God. 22 You may eat it in your villages, whether you are ritually impure or clean, just as you would eat a gazelle or an ibex. 23 However, you must not eat its blood; you must pour it out on the ground like water.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Malachi 1:8

Hebrew Bible
7 You are offering improper sacrifices on my altar, yet you ask, ‘How have we offended you?’ By treating the table of the Lord as if it is of no importance. 8 For when you offer blind animals as a sacrifice, is that not wrong? And when you offer the lame and sick, is that not wrong as well? Indeed, try offering them to your governor! Will he be pleased with you or show you favor?” asks the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. 9 “But now plead for God’s favor that he might be gracious to us.” “With this kind of offering in your hands, how can he be pleased with you?” asks the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. 10 “I wish that one of you would close the temple doors, so that you no longer would light useless fires on my altar. I am not pleased with you,” says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, “and I will no longer accept an offering from you.
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Malachi

References

"... the “priests,” are brought in as the officials, who are primarily responsible for the cult. The decisive accusation seems to be that they accept animals for sacrifice that are not acceptable for this purpose. As Lena-Sofia Tiemeyer has phrased it: “the prophetic criticism in Malachi 1:8, 13–14 targets anew the priests’ negligence, this time accusing them of insufficient care for God’s cult to ensure that the sacrificial animals fitted the prescribed regulations.” The final judgment, whether the quality of an animal matches the obligatory rules, was indeed the genuine task of the priests. As a consequence, the priests are rightly being held responsible. A reason why blemished animals should be excluded is not given. One has the impression that the speaker does not need to give a reason, because this norm is a stipulation included in the Torah and therefore needs no further explanation or motivation. And indeed, two passages are usually identified to which the prophet seems to allude: Deuteronomy 15:19–23 and Leviticus 22:17–25. Because Leviticus 22:22 enumerates more criteria than Deuteronomy 15, it is quite obvious that it presupposes Deuteronomy 15 and expands its shorter list. Malachi 1:8 also expands the list with the word “weak, ill.” In addition, as Malachi does need a stipulation upon which to build its argument, it must at least presuppose Deuteronomy 15 ..."
Aaron Schart, “Cult and Priests in Malachi 1:6-2:9,” in Priests and Cults in the Book of the Twelve, ed. Lena-Sofia Tiemeyer, ANEM 14 (Atlanta: SBL, 2016), 213–234.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 15:21 and Malachi 1:8

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