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LXX Proverbs

Septuagint

About this book
Chapter 21

1 As a rush of water, so is the king's heart in God's hand: he turns it wherever he may desire to point out. 2 Every man seems to himself righteous; but the Lord directs the hearts. 3 To do justly and to speak truth, are more pleasing to God than the blood of sacrifices. 4 A high-minded man is stout-hearted in his pride; and the lamp of the wicked is sin. 5  6 He that gathers treasures with a lying tongue pursues vanity on to the snares of death. 7 Destruction shall lodge with the ungodly; for they refuse to do justly. 8 To the crooked God sends crooked ways; for his works are pure and right. 9 It is better to dwell in a corner on the house-top, than in plastered rooms with unrighteousness, and in an open house. 10 The soul of the ungodly shall not be pitied by any man. 11 When an intemperate man is punished the simple becomes wiser: and a wise man understanding will receive knowledge. 12 A righteous man understands the hearts of the ungodly: and despises the ungodly for their wickedness. 13 He that stops his ears from hearing the poor, himself also shall cry, and there shall be none to hear him. 14 A secret gift calms anger: but he that forbears to give stirs up strong fierce anger. 15 It is the joy of the righteous to do judgment: but a holy man is abominable with evil-doers. 16 A man that wanders out of the way of righteousness, shall rest in the congregation of giants. 17 A poor man loves mirth, loving wine and oil in abundance; 18 and a transgressor is the ransom of a righteous man.⁠ 19 It is better to dwell in a wilderness than with a quarrelsome and talkative and passionate woman. 20 A desirable treasure will rest on the mouth of the wise; but foolish men will swallow it up. 21 The way of righteousness and mercy will find life and glory. 22 A wise man assaults strong cities, and demolishes the fortress in which the ungodly trusted. 23 He that keeps his mouth and his tongue keeps his soul from trouble. 24 A bold and self-willed and insolent man is called a pest: and he that remembers injuries is a transgressor. 25 Desires kill the sluggard; for his hands do not choose to do anything. 26 An ungodly man entertains evil desires all the day: but the righteous is unsparingly merciful and compassionate. 27 The sacrifices of the ungodly are abomination to the Lord, for they offer them wickedly. 28 A false witness shall perish; but an obedient man will speak cautiously. 29 An ungodly man impudently withstands with his face; but the upright man himself understands his ways. 30 There is no wisdom, there is no courage, there is no counsel against the ungodly. 31 A horse is prepared for the day of battle; but help is of the Lord.

Texts in conversation

Compare LXX Proverbs 21:18 and 1 Corinthians 4:13

Septuagint · New Testament

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Summary

In 1 Corinthians, Paul uses the Greek Septuagint translation of Proverbs 21, which says the lawless become a ransom for the righteous. He reflects on his treatment and sees his suffering as a reversal that gives it a substitutionary meaning.

Passages

LXX Proverbs 21:18

Septuagint
14 A secret gift calms anger: but he that forbears to give stirs up strong fierce anger. 15 It is the joy of the righteous to do judgment: but a holy man is abominable with evil-doers. 16 A man that wanders out of the way of righteousness, shall rest in the congregation of giants. 17 A poor man loves mirth, loving wine and oil in abundance; 18 and a transgressor is the ransom of a righteous man. 19 It is better to dwell in a wilderness than with a quarrelsome and talkative and passionate woman. 20 A desirable treasure will rest on the mouth of the wise; but foolish men will swallow it up. 21 The way of righteousness and mercy will find life and glory.
100–1 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Proverbs

1 Corinthians 4:13

New Testament
12 We do hard work, toiling with our own hands. When we are verbally abused, we respond with a blessing, when persecuted, we endure, 13 when people lie about us, we answer in a friendly manner. We are the world’s dirt and scum, even now. 14 I am not writing these things to shame you, but to correct you as my dear children. 15 For though you may have 10,000 guardians in Christ, you do not have many fathers, because I became your father in Christ Jesus through the gospel.
55–57 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Corinthians

References

"... There are a number of Intertexture references and influences underpinning elements of 1 Corinthians 4:6-13: (1) the ‘royal’ power of 1 Corinthians 4:8 alludes to the ‘royal’ power of Daniel 7:18, 21 and 27; the mention of scapegoat or ransom in 1 Corinthians 4:13 refers to similar themes in Proverbs 21:18, Tobit 5:19, Leviticus 16; and there are numerous allusions to Isaiah, especially Isaiah 52:13–53:12. It is also important to discuss Paul’s use of familial language. These will be investigated for their relevance to Paul’s argument in 1 Corinthians 4:9-13 (There may also be allusions to some pseudepigraphal books in 1 Corinthians 4:9-13, especially to Bel and the Dragon 31 (“sentenced/doomed to death”) and to 4 Maccabees 17:14 (“The tyrant was the opponent and the world and the human race were the spectators”). (‘Sentenced/doomed to death’) in 1 Corinthians 4:9 is the only time that word is used in the New Testament: it is also used in the LXX version of Bel and the Dragon 31 where it is given the same meaning, namely, that ‘condemnation to death’ signifies that it is a public or cosmic spectacle. This interpretation is supported in 1 Corinthians 4:9) ..."
Philip B. Mortell, A Socio-rhetorical Interpretation of Paul’s Theology of Christian Suffering in 1 Corinthians (University of Limerick, 2020), 115–117.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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LXX Proverbs 21:18 and 1 Corinthians 4:13

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