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LXX Leviticus

Septuagint

About this book
Chapter 20

1 And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, 2 You shall also say to the children of Israel, If there shall be any of the children of Israel, or of those who have become proselytes in Israel, who shall give of his seed to a ruler, let him be surely put to death; the nation upon the land shall stone him with stones. 3 And I will set my face against that man, and will cut him off from his people, because he has given of his seed to a ruler, to defile my sanctuary, and profane the name of those who are consecrated to me. 4 And if the natives of the land should in any way overlook that man in giving of his seed to a ruler, so as not to put him to death; 5 then I will set my face against that man and his family, and I will destroy him, and all who have been of one mind with him, so that he should prostitute himself with the princes, from their people. 6 And the soul that shall follow those who have in them divining spirits, or enchanters, so as to prostitute itself by pursuing them; I will set my face against that soul, and will destroy it from among its people. 7 And you shall be holy, for I the Lord your God am holy. 8 And you shall observe my ordinances, and do them: I am the Lord that sanctifies you. 9 Every man who shall speak evil of his father or of his mother, let him die the death;⁠ has he spoken evil of his father or his mother? he shall be guilty. 10 Whatever man shall commit adultery with the wife of a man, or whoever shall commit adultery with the wife of his neighbor, let them die the death, the adulterer and the adulteress. 11 And if any one should lie with his father's wife, he has uncovered his father's nakedness: let them both die the death, they are guilty. 12 And if any one should lie with his daughter-in-law, let them both be put to death; for they have committed impiety, they are guilty. 13 And whoever shall lie with a male as with a woman, they have both committed abomination; let them die the death, they are guilty. 14 Whoever shall take a woman and her mother, it is iniquity: they shall burn him and them with fire; so there shall not be iniquity among you. 15 And whoever shall lie with a beast, let him die the death; and you shall kill the beast. 16 And whatever woman shall approach any beast, so as to have connection with it, you shall kill the woman and the beast: let them die the death, they are guilty. 17 Whoever shall take his sister by his father or by his mother, and shall see her nakedness, and she sees his nakedness, it is a reproach: they shall be destroyed before the children of their family; he has uncovered his sister's nakedness,⁠ they shall bear their sin. 18 And whatever man shall lie with a woman that is set apart for a flux, and shall uncover her nakedness, he has uncovered her fountain, and she has uncovered the flux of her blood: they shall both be destroyed from among their generation. 19 And you shall not uncover the nakedness of your father's sister, or of the sister of your mother; for that man has uncovered the nakedness of one near akin: they shall bear their iniquity. 20 Whoever shall lie with his near kinswoman, has uncovered the nakedness of one near akin to him: they shall die childless. 21 Whoever shall take his brother's wife, it is uncleanness; he has uncovered his brother's nakedness; they shall die childless. 22 And keep all my ordinances, and my judgments; and you shall do them, and the land shall not be aggrieved with you, into which I bring you to dwell upon it. 23 And do not walk in the customs of the nations which I drive out from before you; for they have done all these things, and I have abhorred them: 24 and I said to you, You shall inherit their land, and I will give it to you for a possession, even a land flowing with milk and honey: I am the Lord your God, who have separated you from all people. 25 And you shall make a distinction between the clean and the unclean cattle, and between clean and unclean birds; and you shall not defile your souls with cattle, or with birds, or with any creeping things of the earth, which I have separated for you by reason of uncleanness. 26 And you shall be holy to me; because I the Lord your God am holy, who separated you from all nations, to be mine. 27 And as for a man or woman whoever of them shall have in them a divining spirit, or be an enchanter, let them both die the death: you shall stone them with stones, they are guilty.

Texts in conversation

Compare LXX Leviticus 20:9 and LXX Deuteronomy 5:16 and Mark 7:10

Septuagint · New Testament

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Summary

Mark draws on Leviticus, which is rarely used in the gospels or Acts, and pairs it with Deuteronomy in a legal debate between Jesus and Pharisees. The quote is unusual because it does not match the Greek translation of Leviticus.

Passages

LXX Leviticus 20:9

Septuagint
7 And you shall be holy, for I the Lord your God am holy. 8 And you shall observe my ordinances, and do them: I am the Lord that sanctifies you. 9 Every man who shall speak evil of his father or of his mother, let him die the death; has he spoken evil of his father or his mother? he shall be guilty. 10 Whatever man shall commit adultery with the wife of a man, or whoever shall commit adultery with the wife of his neighbor, let them die the death, the adulterer and the adulteress.
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Leviticus

LXX Deuteronomy 5:16

Septuagint
15 And you shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt, and the Lord your God brought you out from there with a mighty hand, and a high arm: therefore the Lord your God appointed you to keep the sabbath day and to sanctify it. 16 Honor your father and your mother, as the Lord your God commanded you; that it may be well with you, and that you may live long upon the land, which the Lord your God gives you. 17 You shall not commit adultery.
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Deuteronomy

Mark 7:10

New Testament
9 He also said to them, “You neatly reject the commandment of God in order to set up your tradition. 10 For Moses said, ‘Honor your father and your mother,’ and, ‘Whoever insults his father or mother must be put to death.’ 11 But you say that if anyone tells his father or mother, ‘Whatever help you would have received from me is corban’ (that is, a gift for God), 12 then you no longer permit him to do anything for his father or mother.
60–75 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Mark

References

"... Despite the fact that the book of Leviticus is not frequently quoted among those from the Pentateuch by Mark, Matthew and the Lukan writings, at least one clear allusion and five explicit quotations from Leviticus are to be found in the Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles ... Besides the quotation of the 5th commandment from LXX Deuteronomy 5:16 in Mark 7:10, the author of Mark’s gospel links it with καί to a second quotation in Mark 7:10. The gospel of Matthew utilizes the same Markan material and links the quotation of the 5th commandment from LXX Exodus 20:12 / Deuteronomy 5:16 in Matthew 15:4 to Mark’s second quotation in Matthew 15:4. Whereas the first quotation is a statement which expresses a positive command (τίμα), the second quotation is a statement which expresses a negative command and contains the punishment when the first is not executed or violated (θανάτῳ τελευτάτω). But the textual origin of this second quotation which “Moses said” (Mark 7:10; Matt 15:4), is unclear. There seem, however, to be two possibilities that closely resemble the wording of the quotation in Mark and Matthew, namely Exodus 21:15 / Leviticus 20:9, 56 on the one hand, and Exodus 21:16, on the other hand. The last possibility seems to be more likely and matches the wording the closest. Especially three striking differences between the versions of LXX Leviticus 20:9 / Exodus 21:15 and 21:16 are pointing in this direction ..."
Gert J. Steyn, “The Text Form of the Leviticus Quotations in the Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles,” in The Text of Leviticus: Proceedings of the Third International Colloquium of the Dominique Barthélemy Institute, ed. Innocent Himbaza (Leuven: Peeters, 2020), 205–242.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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LXX Leviticus 20:9 and LXX Deuteronomy 5:16 and Mark 7:10

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