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LXX Isaiah

Septuagint

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Chapter 9

1 people walking in darkness, see a great light:⁠ you that dwell in the region and shadow of death, a light shall shine upon you. 2 The multitude of the people which you have brought down in your joy, they shall even rejoice before you as they that rejoice in harvest, and as they that divide the captured goods. 3 Because the yoke that was laid upon them has been taken away, and the rod that was on their neck: for the Lord has broken the rod of the exactors, as in the day of Midian. 4 For they shall compensate for every garment that has been acquired by deceit, and all clothing with restitution; and they shall be willing, even if they were burnt with fire. 5 For a child is born to us, and a son is given to us, whose government is upon his shoulder:⁠ and his name is called the Angel of great counsel: for I will bring peace upon the princes, peace and health to him. 6 His government shall be great, and of his peace there is no end: it shall be upon the throne of David, and upon his kingdom, to establish it, and to support it with righteousness and with judgment, from now and forever. The zeal of the Lord of hosts shall perform this. 7 The Lord has sent death upon Jacob, and it has come upon Israel. 8 And all the people of Ephraim, and they that lived in Samaria shall know, who say in their pride and lofty heart, 9 The bricks are fallen down, but come, let us hew stones, and cut down sycamores and cedars, and let us build for ourselves a tower. 10 And God shall dash down those who rise up on mount Zion against them, and shall scatter their enemies; 11 even Syria from the rising of the sun, and the Greeks from the setting of the sun, who devour Israel with open mouth. For all this his anger is not turned away, but still his hand is exalted. 12 But the people did not turn until they were struck, and they did not seek the Lord. 13 So the Lord took away from Israel the head and tail, great and small, in one day: 14 the old man, and those who respect persons, this is the head; and the prophet teaching unlawful things, he is the tail. 15 And they that pronounce this people blessed shall mislead them; and they mislead them so that they may devour them. 16 Therefore God shall not take pleasure in their young men, neither shall he have pity on their orphans or on their widows: for they are all transgressors and wicked, and every mouth speaks unjustly. For all this his anger is not turned away, but his hand is yet exalted. 17 And iniquity shall burn as fire, and shall be devoured by fire as dry grass: and it shall burn in the thickets of the wood, and shall devour all that is all around the hills. 18 The whole earth is set on fire because of the fierce anger of the Lord, and the people shall be as men burnt by fire: no man shall pity his brother. 19 But one shall turn aside to the right hand, for he shall be hungry; and shall eat on the left, and a man shall by no means be satisfied with eating the flesh of his own arm. 20 For Manasseh shall eat the flesh of Ephraim, and Ephraim the flesh of Manasseh; for they shall besiege Judah together. For all this his anger is not turned away, but his hand is yet exalted.

Texts in conversation

Compare LXX Isaiah 9:1 and Matthew 4:16

Septuagint · New Testament

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Summary

The Greek Septuagint translation of Isaiah says people were “walking” in darkness and commanded to “see” light. Matthew 4 changes this to people “sitting” in darkness who “saw” light, blending both Greek and Hebrew versions to shape the narrative.

Passages

LXX Isaiah 9:1

Septuagint
1 people walking in darkness, see a great light: you that dwell in the region and shadow of death, a light shall shine upon you. 2 The multitude of the people which you have brought down in your joy, they shall even rejoice before you as they that rejoice in harvest, and as they that divide the captured goods. 3 Because the yoke that was laid upon them has been taken away, and the rod that was on their neck: for the Lord has broken the rod of the exactors, as in the day of Midian.
100–1 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Isaiah

Matthew 4:16

New Testament
14 so that what was spoken by the prophet Isaiah would be fulfilled: 15 “Land of Zebulun and land of Naphtali, the way by the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the Gentiles— 16 the people who sit in darkness have seen a great light, and on those who sit in the region and shadow of death a light has dawned.” 17 From that time Jesus began to preach this message: “Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near!” 18 As he was walking by the Sea of Galilee he saw two brothers, Simon (called Peter) and Andrew his brother, casting a net into the sea (for they were fishermen).
70–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Matthew

References

"... Matthew 4:16 also differs from the LXX version of Isaiah 9:2. Matthew 4:16 contains καθήμενος ('sitting') instead of πορευόμενος ('walking'). According to the LXX, the people are “walking” in darkness. In Matthew 4:16, the people are “sitting” in darkness. Matthew 4:16 also uses the indicative form of ὁράω, εἶδεν ('saw'), instead of the imperative ἴδετε ('see'). Matthew’s version just reports that the people in darkness saw a great light. The LXX commands them to see a great light. Like Matthew, 1QIsa, and the Masoretic text states that the people saw (ראו) a great light. So, Matthew 4:16 resembles 1QIsa and the Masoretic text more than the LXX by using the indicative form of ὁράω ('to see') ..."
Christopher Winchester, “Thematic Association in the Gospel of Matthew: Situating Exegesis in the Gospel of Matthew in Its Second Temple Context” (PhD diss., University of Edinburgh, 2017), 223.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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LXX Isaiah 9:1 and Matthew 4:16

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