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LXX Deuteronomy

Septuagint

About this book
Chapter 21

1 And if one be found killed with the sword in the land, which the Lord your God gives you to inherit, having fallen in the field, and they do not know who has struck him; 2 your elders and your judges shall come forth, and shall measure the distances of the cities all around the man who was killed: 3 and it shall be that the city which is nearest to the man who was killed the elders of that city shall take a heifer of the herd, which has not labored, and which has not borne a yoke. 4 And the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer into a rough valley, which has not been tilled and is not sown, and they shall hamstring the heifer in the valley. 5 And the priests the Levites shall come, because the Lord your God has chosen them to stand by him, and to bless in his name, and by their word shall every controversy and every stroke be decided. 6 And all the elders of that city who draw near to the man who was killed shall wash their hands over the head of the heifer which was hamstrung in the valley; 7 and they shall answer and say, Our hands have not shed this blood, and our eyes have not seen it. 8 Be merciful to your people Israel, whom you have redeemed, Lord, out of the land of Egypt, that innocent blood may not be charged on your people Israel: and the blood shall be atoned for to them. 9 And you shall take away innocent blood from among you, if you should do that which is good and pleasing before the Lord your God. 10 And if when you go out to war against your enemies, the Lord your God should deliver them into your hands, and you should take their captured goods, 11 and should see among the captured goods a woman beautiful in appearance, and should desire her, and take her to yourself for a wife, 12 and should bring her within your house: then you will shave her head, and pare her nails; 13 and shall take away her garments of captivity from her, and she shall remain in your house, and shall mourn her father and mother the days of a month; and afterwards you shall go in to her and dwell with her, and she shall be your wife. 14 And it shall be if you do not delight in her, you shall send her out free; and she shall not by any means be sold for money, you shall not treat her contemptuously, because you have humbled her. 15 And if a man have two wives, the one loved and the other hated, and both the loved and the hated should have borne him children, and the son of the hated should be firstborn; 16 then it shall be that whenever he shall divide by inheritance his goods to his sons, he shall not be able to give the right of the firstborn to the son of the loved one, having overlooked the son of the hated, which is the firstborn. 17 But he shall acknowledge the firstborn of the hated one to give to him double of all things which shall be found by him, because he is the first of his children, and to him belongs the birthright. 18 And if any man has a disobedient and contentious son, who does not listen to the voice of his father and the voice of his mother, and they should correct him, and he should not listen to them; 19 then shall his father and his mother take hold of him, and bring him forth to the elders of his city, and to the gate of the place: 20 and they shall say to the men of their city, This our son is disobedient and contentious, he does not listen to our voice, he is a reveler and a drunkard. 21 And the men of his city shall stone him with stones, and he shall die; and you shall remove the evil one from yourselves, and the rest shall hear and fear. 22 And if there be sin in any one, and the judgment of death be upon him, and he be put to death, and you hang him on a tree: 23 his body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but you shall by all means bury it in that day; for every one that is hanged on a tree is cursed of God;⁠ and you shall by no means defile the land which the Lord your God gives you for an inheritance.

Texts in conversation

Compare LXX Deuteronomy 21:23 and Galatians 3:13

Septuagint · New Testament

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Summary

Paul cites the curse on a body hung on a tree in an unusual interpretation used to explain the crucifixion of Jesus. In Deuteronomy, this describes the corpse of an executed criminal left on display, about burial rather than a method of death.

Passages

LXX Deuteronomy 21:23

Septuagint
22 And if there be sin in any one, and the judgment of death be upon him, and he be put to death, and you hang him on a tree: 23 his body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but you shall by all means bury it in that day; for every one that is hanged on a tree is cursed of God; and you shall by no means defile the land which the Lord your God gives you for an inheritance.
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Deuteronomy

Galatians 3:13

New Testament
12 But the law is not based on faith, but the one who does the works of the law will live by them. 13 Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us (because it is written, “Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree”) 14 in order that in Christ Jesus the blessing of Abraham would come to the Gentiles, so that we could receive the promise of the Spirit by faith.
48–55 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Galatians

References

“... (4) The final quotation in this passage, the excerpt from Deuteronomy 21:23 in 3:13, would have added more fuel to the audience’s growing distrust of Paul’s handling of Scripture. A glance at the original passage would have shown them that the verse that Paul quotes here actually refers to the ancient practice of hanging the dead body of a convicted criminal on a tree for public display, not the redeeming death of a crucified Messiah. Only by extracting the verse from its original context and revising its wording can Paul claim that it refers to the death of Jesus. For an audience that was aware of the original context, the tendentiousness of such a reading would have been utterly glaring. Thus we see that an audience that was familiar with the original context of Paul’s quotations in Galatians 3:10–13 would have been led inexorably toward a point of view that was the opposite of what Paul intended. ...”
Christopher D. Stanley, “Paul’s ‘Use’ of Scripture: Why the Audience Matters,” in As It Is Written: Studying Paul’s Use of Scripture, ed. Stanley E. Porter and Christopher D. Stanley, SymS 50 (Atlanta: SBL, 2008), 151–152.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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LXX Deuteronomy 21:23 and Galatians 3:13

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