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LXX Deuteronomy

Septuagint

About this book
Chapter 19

1 And when the Lord your God shall have destroyed the nations, which your God gives you, their land, and you shall inherit them, and dwell in their cities, and in their houses, 2 you shall separate for yourself three cities in the midst of your land, which the Lord your God gives you. 3 Take a survey of your way, and you shall divide the coasts of your land, which the Lord your God apportions to you, into three parts, and there shall be there a refuge for every manslayer. 4 And this shall be the ordinance of the manslayer, who shall flee there, and shall live, whoever shall have struck his neighbor ignorantly, whereas he hated him not in times past. 5 And whoever shall enter with his neighbor into the thicket, to gather wood, if the hand of him that cuts wood with the ax should be violently shaken, and the ax head falling off from the handle should light on his neighbor, and he should die, he shall flee to one of these cities, and live. 6 For fear that the avenger of blood pursue after the slayer, because his heart is hot, and overtake him, if the way be too long, and kill him, though there is to this man no sentence of death, because he hated him not in time past. 7 Therefore I charge you, saying, You shall separate for yourself three cities. 8 And if the Lord your God shall enlarge your borders, as he swore to your fathers, and the Lord shall give to you all the land which he said he would give to your fathers; 9 if you shall listen to do all these commands, which I charge you this day, to love the Lord your God, to walk in all his ways continually; you shall add for yourself yet three cities to these three. 10 So innocent blood shall not be spilled in your land, which the Lord your God gives you to inherit, and there shall not be in you one guilty of blood. 11 But if there should be in you a man hating his neighbor, and he should lay wait for him, and rise up against him, and strike him, that he die, and he should flee to one of these cities, 12 then the elders of his city will send, and take him from there, and they shall deliver him into the hands of the avenger of blood, and he shall die. 13 Your eye shall not spare him; so you will purge innocent blood from Israel, and it shall be well with you. 14 You shall not move the landmarks of your neighbor, which your fathers set in the inheritance, in which you have obtained a share in the land, which the Lord your God gives you to inherit. 15 One witness shall not stand to testify against a man for any iniquity, or for any fault, or for any sin which he may commit; by the mouth of two witnesses, or by the mouth of three witnesses, shall every word be established.⁠ 16 And if an unjust witness rise up against a man, alleging iniquity against him; 17 then the two men between whom the controversy is will stand before the Lord, and before the priests, and before the judges, who may be in those days. 18 And the judges shall make diligent inquiry, and, look, if an unjust witness has borne unjust testimony; and has stood up against his brother; 19 then you will do to him as he wickedly devised to do against his brother, and you shall remove the evil from yourselves. 20 And the rest shall hear and fear, and do no more according to this evil thing in the midst of you. 21 Your eye shall not spare him: you shall exact life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.

Texts in conversation

Compare LXX Deuteronomy 19:15 and 2 Corinthians 13:1

Septuagint · New Testament

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Summary

In 2 Corinthians 13, Paul quotes Deuteronomy 19 to emphasize that an accusation requires two or three witnesses, showing how later interpreters adapted the legal traditions from the Torah to address disputes within their communities.

Passages

LXX Deuteronomy 19:15

Septuagint
13 Your eye shall not spare him; so you will purge innocent blood from Israel, and it shall be well with you. 14 You shall not move the landmarks of your neighbor, which your fathers set in the inheritance, in which you have obtained a share in the land, which the Lord your God gives you to inherit. 15 One witness shall not stand to testify against a man for any iniquity, or for any fault, or for any sin which he may commit; by the mouth of two witnesses, or by the mouth of three witnesses, shall every word be established. 16 And if an unjust witness rise up against a man, alleging iniquity against him; 17 then the two men between whom the controversy is will stand before the Lord, and before the priests, and before the judges, who may be in those days.
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Deuteronomy

2 Corinthians 13:1

New Testament
1 This is the third time I am coming to visit you. By the testimony of two or three witnesses every matter will be established. 2 I said before when I was present the second time and now, though absent, I say again to those who sinned previously and to all the rest, that if I come again, I will not spare anyone, 3 since you are demanding proof that Christ is speaking through me. He is not weak toward you but is powerful among you. 4 For indeed he was crucified by reason of weakness, but he lives because of God’s power. For we also are weak in him, but we will live together with him, because of God’s power toward you. 5 Put yourselves to the test to see if you are in the faith; examine yourselves! Or do you not recognize regarding yourselves that Jesus Christ is in you—unless, indeed, you fail the test!
55–57 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Corinthians

References

"... In addition to Matt 18:15-20, we find Deuteronomy 19:13 alluded to in 2 Corinthians 13:1, where Paul tells the Corinthians that any charges they make against one another 'must be sustained by the evidence of two or three witnesses.' And in 1 Timothy 5:19 there is this: 'Never accept any accusation against an elder except on the evidence of two or three witnesses.' Once again, then, Matthew appears to stand within a tradition. That is, Matthew 18:15-20 not only takes up a Jewish tradition based upon Leviticus 19:17-18, it also is in harmony with the application of Deuteronomy 19:15 found in 2 Corinthians 13:1 and 1 Timothy 5:19 ..."
Dale C. Allison, Scriptural Allusions in the New Testament: Light from the Dead Sea Scrolls (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2019), 28.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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LXX Deuteronomy 19:15 and 2 Corinthians 13:1

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