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Luke

About this book
Chapter 20

1 Now one day, as Jesus was teaching the people in the temple courts and proclaiming the gospel, the chief priests and the experts in the law with the elders came up 2 and said to him, “Tell us: By what authority are you doing these things? Or who is it who gave you this authority?” 3 He answered them, “I will also ask you a question, and you tell me: 4 John’s baptism—was it from heaven or from people?” 5 So they discussed it with one another, saying, “If we say, ‘From heaven,’ he will say, ‘Why did you not believe him?’ 6 But if we say, ‘From people,’ all the people will stone us because they are convinced that John was a prophet.” 7 So they replied that they did not know where it came from. 8 Then Jesus said to them, “Neither will I tell you by whose authority I do these things.” 9 Then he began to tell the people this parable: “A man planted a vineyard, leased it to tenant farmers, and went on a journey for a long time. 10 When harvest time came, he sent a slave to the tenants so that they would give him his portion of the crop. However, the tenants beat his slave and sent him away empty-handed. 11 So he sent another slave. They beat this one too, treated him outrageously, and sent him away empty-handed. 12 So he sent still a third. They even wounded this one and threw him out. 13 Then the owner of the vineyard said, ‘What should I do? I will send my one dear son; perhaps they will respect him.’⁠ 14 But when the tenants saw him, they said to one another, ‘This is the heir; let’s kill him so the inheritance will be ours!’ 15 So they threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. What then will the owner of the vineyard do to them? 16 He will come and destroy those tenants and give the vineyard to others.” When the people heard this, they said, “May this never happen!” 17 But Jesus looked straight at them and said, “Then what is the meaning of that which is written: ‘The stone the builders rejected has become the cornerstone’? 18 Everyone who falls on this stone will be broken to pieces, and the one on whom it falls will be crushed.” 19 Then the experts in the law and the chief priests wanted to arrest him that very hour because they realized he had told this parable against them. But they were afraid of the people. 20 Then they watched him carefully and sent spies who pretended to be sincere. They wanted to take advantage of what he might say so that they could deliver him up to the authority and jurisdiction of the governor. 21 Thus they asked him, “Teacher, we know that you speak and teach correctly, and show no partiality, but teach the way of God in accordance with the truth. 22 Is it right for us to pay the tribute tax to Caesar or not?” 23 But Jesus perceived their deceit and said to them, 24 “Show me a denarius. Whose image and inscription are on it?” They said, “Caesar’s.” 25 So he said to them, “Then give to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s.” 26 Thus they were unable in the presence of the people to trap him with his own words. And stunned by his answer, they fell silent. 27 Now some Sadducees (who contend that there is no resurrection) came to him. 28 They asked him, “Teacher, Moses wrote for us that if a man’s brother dies leaving a wife but no children, that man must marry the widow and father children for his brother. 29 Now there were seven brothers. The first one married a woman and died without children. 30 The second 31 and then the third married her, and in this same way all seven died, leaving no children. 32 Finally the woman died too. 33 In the resurrection, therefore, whose wife will the woman be? For all seven had married her.” 34 So Jesus said to them, “The people of this age marry and are given in marriage.⁠ 35 But those who are regarded as worthy to share in that age and in the resurrection from the dead neither marry nor are given in marriage. 36 In fact, they can no longer die because they are equal to angels and are sons of God, since they are sons of the resurrection. 37 But even Moses revealed that the dead are raised in the passage about the bush, where he calls the Lord the God of Abraham and the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob. 38 Now he is not God of the dead, but of the living, for all live before him.” 39 Then some of the experts in the law answered, “Teacher, you have spoken well!” 40 For they did not dare any longer to ask him anything. 41 But he said to them, “How is it that they say that the Christ is David’s son? 42 For David himself says in the book of Psalms, ‘The Lord said to my lord, “Sit at my right hand, 43 until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet.”’ 44 If David then calls him ‘Lord,’ how can he be his son?” 45 As all the people were listening, Jesus said to his disciples, 46 “Beware of the experts in the law. They like walking around in long robes, and they love elaborate greetings in the marketplaces and the best seats in the synagogues and the places of honor at banquets. 47 They devour widows’ property, and as a show make long prayers. They will receive a more severe punishment.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Mark 12:6 and Luke 20:13 and Gospel of Thomas 65

New Testament · Nag Hammadi

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Summary

In Mark, the vineyard owner expects respect for his son; in Luke, he hopes for it. In the Gospel of Thomas, he expresses hope before two missions, explaining why he keeps sending people despite the earlier attacks.

Passages

Mark 12:6

New Testament
1 Then he began to speak to them in parables: “A man planted a vineyard. He put a fence around it, dug a pit for its winepress, and built a watchtower. Then he leased it to tenant farmers and went on a journey. 2 At harvest time he sent a slave to the tenants to collect from them his portion of the crop. 3 But those tenants seized his slave, beat him, and sent him away empty-handed. 4 So he sent another slave to them again. This one they struck on the head and treated outrageously. 5 He sent another, and that one they killed. This happened to many others, some of whom were beaten, others killed. 6 He had one left, his one dear son. Finally he sent him to them, saying, ‘They will respect my son.’ 7 But those tenants said to one another, ‘This is the heir. Come, let’s kill him and the inheritance will be ours!’ 8 So they seized him, killed him, and threw his body out of the vineyard. 9 What then will the owner of the vineyard do? He will come and destroy those tenants and give the vineyard to others.
60–75 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Mark

Luke 20:13

New Testament
9 Then he began to tell the people this parable: “A man planted a vineyard, leased it to tenant farmers, and went on a journey for a long time. 10 When harvest time came, he sent a slave to the tenants so that they would give him his portion of the crop. However, the tenants beat his slave and sent him away empty-handed. 11 So he sent another slave. They beat this one too, treated him outrageously, and sent him away empty-handed. 12 So he sent still a third. They even wounded this one and threw him out. 13 Then the owner of the vineyard said, ‘What should I do? I will send my one dear son; perhaps they will respect him.’ 14 But when the tenants saw him, they said to one another, ‘This is the heir; let’s kill him so the inheritance will be ours!’ 15 So they threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. What then will the owner of the vineyard do to them? 16 He will come and destroy those tenants and give the vineyard to others.” When the people heard this, they said, “May this never happen!”
75–85 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Luke

Gospel of Thomas 65

Nag Hammadi
65 He said, “A good man owned a vineyard and leased it to some farmers to work it and he might receive its fruit from them. He sent his servant so that the farmers might give him the fruit of the vineyard. They seized his servant, beat him, and almost killed him, and the servant returned and told his master. His master said, ‘Perhaps they did not recognize him.’ He sent another servant. The farmers beat that one as well. Then the owner sent his son and said, ‘Perhaps they will show respect to my son.’ The farmers knew that he was the heir of the vineyard. They seized him and killed him. Whoever has ears should hear.” 66 Jesus said, “Show me the stone that the builders rejected; that is the cornerstone.”
135–200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Gospel of Thomas

References

“... The return of the beaten slave poses a problem for Thomas, who seems at pains to create a more plausible story. Luke had already coped with the problem of plausibility by having an inner monologue in which the owner weighs possibilities after the second sending (Luke 20:13: “Perhaps . . .”). As part of the attempt to increase plausibility, Thomas not only takes over this inner monologue of deliberation but anticipates it here—he will still use it again after the second sending—to justify the sending of a second slave after the first has been beaten. [...] In any event, what is clear is that Thomas takes Luke’s deliberating soliloquy (“perhaps”) and moves it forward, apparently in an attempt to make the owner’s action more plausible. Placed after the first sending, the deliberation makes the second sending slightly more intelligible—if no less fruitless. The two separate deliberations introduced by “perhaps” also provide an added structural element to this schematic story. [...] Like Luke (contrary to Mark and Matthew), Thomas makes the master’s deliberative soliloquy a main clause. Into the “lord of the vineyard’s” deliberation Luke pointedly inserts an adverb encountered nowhere else in the NT: “Perhaps [isōs] they will respect him [i.e., my son].” Thomas parallels this with his own adverb mešak (“Perhaps they will respect him, my son”). Interestingly, mešak occurs nowhere in CGT except in logion 65, in the two Lucan-like deliberations of the owner. [...] While traces of both Matthew and Mark can be detected, it is Luke’s redactional changes that are most clearly mirrored in Thomas. They include (1) Luke 20:9: the abrupt beginning of the story without the clear allusion to Isa 5:2; (2) Luke 20:10: the phrase “in order that they might give to him [some of] the fruit of the vineyard”; (3) the omission of the killing of any slave (in keeping with the sending of only one slave each time); (4) the inclusion of “perhaps” (Luke’s isōs, Thomas’ mešak) in the owner’s soliloquy, expressing hope that the farmers will respect his son. This point is especially telling since isōs never appears anywhere else in the NT, just as Thomas never uses mešak outside of logion 65. Luke pointedly inserts the adverb to make the owner’s decision slightly more plausible. Thomas follows Luke in both wording and intention. ...”
John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016), 5:121–124.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Mark 12:6 and Luke 20:13 and Gospel of Thomas 65

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