Go to Related Reading
About this book

Leviticus

About this book
Chapter 19

1 The Lord spoke to Moses: 2 “Speak to the whole congregation of the Israelites and tell them, ‘You must be holy because I, the Lord your God, am holy.⁠ 3 Each of you must respect his mother and his father,⁠ and you must keep my Sabbaths. I am the Lord your God. 4 Do not turn to idols, and you must not make for yourselves gods⁠ of cast metal. I am the Lord your God. 5 “‘When you sacrifice a peace-offering sacrifice to the Lord, you must sacrifice it so that it is accepted for you. 6 It must be eaten on the day of your sacrifice and on the following day, but what is left over until the third day must be burned up. 7 If, however, it is eaten on the third day, it is spoiled; it will not be accepted, 8 and the one who eats it will bear his punishment for iniquity because he has profaned what is holy to the Lord. That person will be cut off from his people. 9 “‘When you gather in the harvest of your land, you must not completely harvest the corner of your field, and you must not gather up the gleanings of your harvest. 10 You must not pick your vineyard bare, and you must not gather up the fallen grapes of your vineyard. You must leave them for the poor and the resident foreigner.⁠ I am the Lord your God. 11 “‘You must not steal, you must not tell lies, and you must not deal falsely with your fellow citizen. 12 You must not swear falsely in my name, so that you do not profane the name of your God. I am the Lord. 13 You must not oppress your neighbor or commit robbery against your neighbor. You must not withhold the wages of the hired laborer overnight until morning. 14 You must not curse a deaf person or put a stumbling block in front of a blind person. You must fear your God; I am the Lord. 15 “‘You must not deal unjustly in judgment: You must neither show partiality to the poor nor honor the rich. You must judge your fellow citizen fairly.⁠ 16 You must not go about as a slanderer among your people. You must not stand idly by when your neighbor’s life is at stake. I am the Lord. 17 You must not hate your brother in your heart.⁠ You must surely reprove your fellow citizen so that you do not incur sin on account of him.⁠ 18 You must not take vengeance or bear a grudge against any of your people, but you must love your neighbor as yourself.⁠ I am the Lord.⁠ 19 You must keep my statutes. You must not allow two different kinds of your animals to breed together, you must not sow your field with two different kinds of seed,⁠ and you must not wear a garment made of two different kinds of material. 20 “‘When a man goes to bed with a woman for intercourse, although she is a slave woman designated for another man and she has not yet been ransomed, or freedom has not been granted to her, there will be an obligation to pay compensation. They must not be put to death, because she was not free. 21 He must bring his guilt offering to the Lord at the entrance of the Meeting Tent, a guilt-offering ram, 22 and the priest is to make atonement for him with the ram of the guilt offering before the Lord for his sin that he has committed, and he will be forgiven of his sin that he has committed. 23 “‘When you enter the land and plant any fruit tree, you must consider its fruit to be forbidden. Three years it will be forbidden to you; it must not be eaten.⁠ 24 In the fourth year all its fruit will be holy, praise offerings to the Lord. 25 Then in the fifth year you may eat its fruit to add its produce to your harvest. I am the Lord your God. 26 “‘You must not eat anything with the blood still in it.⁠ You must not practice either divination or soothsaying. 27 You must not round off the corners of the hair on your head⁠ or ruin the corners of your beard. 28 You must not slash your body for a dead person⁠ or incise a tattoo on yourself. I am the Lord.⁠ 29 Do not profane your daughter by making her a prostitute, so that the land does not practice prostitution and become full of lewdness. 30 “‘You must keep my Sabbaths and fear my sanctuary. I am the Lord. 31 Do not turn to the spirits of the dead and do not seek familiar spirits to become unclean by them. I am the Lord your God. 32 You must stand up in the presence of the aged, honor the presence of an elder, and fear your God. I am the Lord. 33 When a resident foreigner lives with you in your land, you must not oppress him. 34 The resident foreigner who lives with you must be to you as a native citizen among you; so you must love the foreigner as yourself, because you were foreigners in the land of Egypt. I am the Lord your God.⁠ 35 You must not do injustice in the regulation of measures, whether of length, weight, or volume.⁠ 36 You must have honest balances, honest weights, an honest ephah, and an honest hin.⁠ I am the Lord your God who brought you out from the land of Egypt. 37 You must be sure to obey all my statutes and regulations. I am the Lord.’”

Texts in conversation

Compare Surpu II and Leviticus 19:36

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Hebrew Bible

Share:

Summary

Leviticus 19 requires the use of honest weights and balances, following ancient Near Eastern traditions such as the Surpu Tablet, where dishonest weights are included in a list of unjust actions.

Passages

Surpu II

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations
He is full of contempt against his father, full of hatred against his elder brother. He despised his parents, offended the elder sister, gave with small measure and received with big measure, he said “there is”, when there was not, he said “there is not”, when there was, spoke unseemly things, spoke improper things, he spoke insolent things, he spoke …, he used an untrue balance, but did not use the true balance, he took money that was not due to him, but did not take money due to him, he disinherited the legitimate son and did not establish in his rights the legitimated son, he set up an untrue boundary, but did not set up the true boundary, he removed mark, frontier and boundary. He entered his neighbor’s house, had intercourse with his neighbor’s wife, shed his neighbor’s blood, took away his neighbor’s clothes,
1200 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Surpu

Leviticus 19:36

Hebrew Bible
34 The resident foreigner who lives with you must be to you as a native citizen among you; so you must love the foreigner as yourself, because you were foreigners in the land of Egypt. I am the Lord your God. 35 You must not do injustice in the regulation of measures, whether of length, weight, or volume. 36 You must have honest balances, honest weights, an honest ephah, and an honest hin. I am the Lord your God who brought you out from the land of Egypt. 37 You must be sure to obey all my statutes and regulations. I am the Lord.’”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

References

"... The terms with the root גזל and עשק, although not defined in any greater detail in Leviticus 5:21, can still be reconstructed with the help of other biblical passages. The words גזל and עשק frequently appear in combination. In the majority of cases, these expressions are used to denote the abuse of power by the rich. In some cases the term עשק involves the withholding of payment which may lead to the impoverishment of the weak as described in Lev 19:13 and Deuteronomy 24:14–15. It is therefore possible to compare lying about a deposit (פיקדון) and oppressing (עשק) one’s neighbor in Lev 5:21 to wearing or taking the neighbor’s clothes as expressed in Šurpu II 50: “He wore the garment of his neighbor” (“He took away his neighbor’s clothes”). The abuse of power may also be the issue in Šurpu II 61 which states that: “He oppresses, takes away, causes to be taken away.” In addition, the term עשק is used by Hosea in connection with the usage of false weights (compare Hosea 12:8). Likewise, the use of faulty weights is an issue in Šurpu II 37: “he gave in small (measure) and received in great (measure).” In Leviticus 5:22 the abuse of power is also expressed by the Hebrew idiom תשומת יד which finds parallels in Šurpu. One possible translation of תשומת יד is “placing of the hand,” which is a literal translation of manus iniectio, a term used in later Roman law when the creditor took a debtor prisoner with the possibility of selling him into slavery should he fail to pay his debt ..."
Isabel Cranz, Atonement and Purification: Priestly and Assyro-Babylonian Perspectives on Sin and Its Consequences (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2017), 46–47.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Your feedback

Surpu II and Leviticus 19:36

Leave a comment

Your questions and comments are welcome!

Comments

Glossary

Search the Library