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Leviticus

About this book
Chapter 18

1 The Lord spoke to Moses: 2 “Speak to the Israelites and tell them, ‘I am the Lord your God! 3 You must not do as they do in the land of Egypt where you have been living, and you must not do as they do in the land of Canaan into which I am about to bring you; you must not walk in their statutes. 4 You must observe my regulations, and you must be sure to walk in my statutes. I am the Lord your God. 5 So you must keep my statutes and my regulations; anyone who does so will live by keeping them.⁠ I am the Lord.⁠ 6 “‘No man is to approach any close relative to have sexual relations with her. I am the Lord.⁠ 7 You must not expose your father’s nakedness by having sexual relations with your mother.⁠ She is your mother; you must not have sexual relations with her. 8 You must not have sexual relations with your father’s wife; she is your father’s nakedness.⁠ 9 You must not have sexual relations with your sister, whether she is your father’s daughter or your mother’s daughter, whether she is born in the same household or born outside it; you must not have sexual relations with either of them.⁠ 10 You must not expose the nakedness of your son’s daughter or your daughter’s daughter by having sexual relations with them, because they are your own nakedness. 11 You must not have sexual relations with the daughter of your father’s wife born of your father; she is your sister. You must not have sexual relations with her. 12 You must not have sexual relations with your father’s sister; she is your father’s flesh. 13 You must not have sexual relations with your mother’s sister, because she is your mother’s flesh. 14 You must not expose the nakedness of your father’s brother; you must not approach his wife to have marital relations with her. She is your aunt. 15 You must not have sexual relations with your daughter-in-law; she is your son’s wife. You must not have sexual relations with her. 16 You must not have sexual relations with your brother’s wife; she is your brother’s nakedness. 17 You must not have sexual relations with both a woman and her daughter; you must not take as wife either her son’s daughter or her daughter’s daughter to have sexual relations with them. They are closely related to her—it is lewdness. 18 You must not take a woman in marriage and then marry her sister as a rival wife while she is still alive, to have sexual relations with her.⁠ 19 “‘You must not approach a woman in her menstrual impurity to have sexual relations with her. 20 You must not have sexual relations with the wife of your fellow citizen to become unclean with her.⁠ 21 You must not give any of your children as an offering to Molech,⁠ so that you do not profane the name of your God. I am the Lord! 22 You must not have sexual relations with a male as one has sexual relations with a woman; it is a detestable act. 23 You must not have sexual relations with any animal to become defiled with it, and a woman must not stand before an animal to have sexual relations with it; it is a perversion. 24 “‘Do not defile yourselves with any of these things, for the nations that I am about to drive out before you have been defiled with all these things.⁠ 25 Therefore the land has become unclean, and I have brought the punishment for its iniquity upon it, so that the land has vomited out its inhabitants.⁠ 26 You yourselves must obey my statutes and my regulations and must not do any of these abominations, both the native citizen and the resident foreigner in your midst, 27 for the people who were in the land before you have done all these abominations, and the land has become unclean. 28 So do not make the land vomit you out because you defile it just as it has vomited out the nations that were before you. 29 For if anyone does any of these abominations, that person who does them will be cut off from the midst of the people. 30 You must obey my charge not to practice any of the abominable statutes⁠ that have been done before you, so that you do not defile yourselves by them. I am the Lord your God.’”

Texts in conversation

Compare Leviticus 18:21 and LXX Leviticus 18:21

Hebrew Bible · Septuagint

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Summary

The Hebrew version of Leviticus prohibits handing over one’s children to Molech which may be the name of a deity or the kind of sacrifice. The Greek version reads the letters as the word for king, changing child sacrifice to service to another king.

Passages

Leviticus 18:21

Hebrew Bible
20 You must not have sexual relations with the wife of your fellow citizen to become unclean with her. 21 You must not give any of your children as an offering to Molech, so that you do not profane the name of your God. I am the Lord! 22 You must not have sexual relations with a male as one has sexual relations with a woman; it is a detestable act.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

LXX Leviticus 18:21

Septuagint
20 And you shall not lie with your neighbor's wife, to defile yourself with her. 21 And you shall not give of your seed to serve a ruler; and you shall not profane my holy name; I am the Lord. 22 And you shall not lie with a man as with a woman, for it is an abomination.
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Leviticus

References

"... Unknown to Septuagint users without access to the Hebrew source, the translator here made successive scribal errors as a result of misreading or mishearing his unpointed Hebrew text (for dictation theory of the Septuagint, see van der Louw 2008a: 211-229). He first confused the final ר as a ד and thus mistook להעביר [the Masoretic Text] 'to make pass over' (that is, 'to offer') for להעביד 'to cause to serve,' which he rendered as λατρεύειν 'to serve.' Next he mistook מלך 'Molech' for מֶלֶך 'king,' which he translated ἄρχοντι 'ruler' (likewise, Leviticus 20:2, 3, 4, 5; compare 'ruler' in Leviticus 4:22-26). This altered purpose clause, 'you must not give any of your semen in order to serve a ruler [λατρεύειν ἄρχοντι],' may well depict service to Ptolemaic male leaders and elites by engaging with them in sexual intercourse, which is prohibited in the next verse (verse 22). ..."
Mark A. Awabdy, Leviticus (Septuagint Commentary Series) (Leiden: Brill, 2020), 331–332.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Leviticus 18:21 and LXX Leviticus 18:21

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