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KTU

Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit

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Baal Cycle

KTU 1.6 I

for Baal.
She cut skin with a stone, […] [with a razor].
She gashed cheeks and chin; […]
she plowed her upper arm like a garden,
her chest like a valley […] her back.
Baal is dead! What of the people? The Son of Dagan,
what of the multitudes? After Baal we will go down
into the earth. With her went down the Lamp
of the Gods, Shapshu. Until she was sated with weeping,
she drank tears like wine. Aloud
she cried to Shapshu, Lamp of the Gods:
Load Valiant Baal onto me, please.
Shapshu, Lamp of the Gods, listened.
She lifted Valiant Baal onto the shoulder
of Anat. When she had set him there, she brought him up
into the uttermost parts of Sapan. She wept for him
and buried him. She put him in a hole
of the gods of the earth. She slaughtered seventy
wild bulls as an offering for Valiant
Baal. She slaughtered seventy oxen
[as] an offering for Valiant Baal.
[She slaughtered] seventy sheep
[as an offering] for Valiant Baal.
[She slaughtered] seventy deer
[as an offering] for Valiant Baal.
[She slaughtered seventy] mountain goats
[as an offering for Valiant] Baal.
[She slaughtered seventy] roe deer
[as an offering] for Valiant Baal.
[…] Anat
[…] the gods.
[Then] she set her face toward
[El] at the source of the two rivers, amid
She rolled back the tent of El
and came to the pavilion of the king, the Father of the Bright One.
At the feet of El she bowed and fell down,
she paid him homage and honoured him.
She lifted up her voice and cried: Let her rejoice now
Athirat and her sons, the goddess and the band of her kinsmen!
For dead is Valiant Baal,
for perished is the Prince, Lord of the Earth!
Aloud cried El to the Great Lady-who-tramples-Yamm
Listen, O Great Lady-who-tramples-Yamm.
Give the first of your sons;
I shall make him king.
And the Great Lady-who-tramples-Yamm replied
Shall we not make king one who has knowledge and wit?
And the Compassionate, El of mercy, replied⁠
LLet the finest of pigments be ground,
let the people of Baal prepare unguents,
the people of the the Son of Dagan crushed herbs.
The Great Lady-who-tramples-Yamm replied:
Indeed, let us make Athtar the Brilliant king
Athtar the Brilliant shall rule!
Then Athtar the Brilliant went up into the uttermost parts of Sapan;⁠
he sat on the throne of Valiant Baal.
But his feet did not reach the footstool;
Then Athtar the Brilliant said:
I shall not rule in the uttermost parts of Sapan!
Athtar the Brilliant came down,
he came down from the throne of Valiant Baal,
and ruled in the earth
[…] drew water in wide jars,
[…] drew water in jars.

Texts in conversation

Compare KTU 1.6 I:49 and Nehemiah 9:17

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Nehemiah 9 shares El's title of compassion in the Baal Cycle in recalling God's patience with rebellion, using older language for divine care to explain why Israel was not abandoned.

Passages

KTU 1.6 I:49

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
At the feet of El she bowed and fell down, she paid him homage and honoured him. She lifted up her voice and cried: Let her rejoice now Athirat and her sons, the goddess and the band of her kinsmen! For dead is Valiant Baal, for perished is the Prince, Lord of the Earth! Aloud cried El to the Great Lady-who-tramples-Yamm Listen, O Great Lady-who-tramples-Yamm. Give the first of your sons; I shall make him king. And the Great Lady-who-tramples-Yamm replied Shall we not make king one who has knowledge and wit? And the Compassionate, El of mercy, replied LLet the finest of pigments be ground, let the people of Baal prepare unguents, the people of the the Son of Dagan crushed herbs. The Great Lady-who-tramples-Yamm replied: Indeed, let us make Athtar the Brilliant king Athtar the Brilliant shall rule!
1350–1185 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in KTU

Nehemiah 9:17

Hebrew Bible
15 You provided bread from heaven for them in their time of hunger, and you brought forth water from the rock for them in their time of thirst. You told them to enter in order to possess the land that you had sworn to give them. 16 “But they—our ancestors—behaved presumptuously; they rebelled and did not obey your commandments. 17 They refused to obey and did not recall your miracles that you had performed among them. Instead, they rebelled and appointed a leader to return to their bondage in Egypt. But you are a God of forgiveness, merciful and compassionate, slow to get angry and unfailing in your loyal love. You did not abandon them, 18 even when they made a cast image of a calf for themselves and said, ‘This is your God who brought you up from Egypt,’ or when they committed atrocious blasphemies.
400–301 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Nehemiah

References

“... El and Yahweh are rendered with a similar compassionate disposition toward humanity. Like El, Yahweh is a father (Deuteronomy 32:6; Isaiah 63:16, 64:7; Jeremiah 3:4, 19; 31:9; Malachi 1:6, 2:10; cf. Exodus 4:22; Hosea 11:1) with a compassionate disposition, many times expressed as “merciful and gracious god,” ’e¯l-ra¯hfiuˆm weˇhfiannuˆn (Exodus 34:6; Jonah 4:2; Joel 2:13; Psalms 86:15; 103:8; 145: 8; Nehemiah 9:17). ...”
Mark S. Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 142.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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KTU 1.6 I:49 and Nehemiah 9:17

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