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KTU

Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit

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Baal Cycle

KTU 1.4 VII

[…] lapis lazuli […]
[…] Mightiest Baal
[…] the Beloved of El,
Yamm […] on the crown of his head
[…]
[…] the gods on Sapan.
He journeys from city to city
He traverses from town to town.
Sixty-six cities he seizes
Seventy-seven towns.
Eighty Baal ... Ninety Baal ...
Baal takes his throne within the house.
And Mightiest Baal declares:
I will install, O Kothar, Son of Sea
Kothar, Son of the Confluence:
Let a window be opened in the house
A vent in the midst of the palace.
So let a gap in the clouds be opened⁠
According to the word of Kothar-wa-Hasis.
Kothar-wa-Hasis chuckles
He raises his voice and proclaims:
I truly told you, O Mightiest Baal:
You will return to my word.
He opens a window in the house⁠
A vent in the midst of the palace.
Baal opens a gap in the clouds
Baal releases his sacred voice.
Baal pronounces the matter of his lips
His sacred voice, the earth quakes⁠
The high places of the Earth tremble.⁠
[…]
Baal's enemies retreat to the woods
The haters of Haddu to the mountain sides.
And Mightiest Baal declares:
O Foes of Haddu, why do you tremble?
Why tremble, O Arms-bearers of the Warrior?
Baal surveys the East; Indeed, his hand trembles
With a cedar in his right hand.
So Baal is seated in his house:
Will either king or commoner
Establish a dominion land?
So I will send an emissary to Divine Mot
A messenger to El's Beloved, the Hero
That he may summon Mot with his voice
Instruct the Beloved with his insides.
I myself am the one who rules over the gods
Indeed ordains for gods and men
Who satisfies the multitudes of the Earth.
Baal loudly tells his lads:
Look, Gupan and Ugar
Sons of the Maiden, Kin of the Sea
Sons of ... Exalted First-Born
[…]
[…] [in] the clouds
[…] beneath
[…]
[…]

Texts in conversation

Compare KTU 1.4 VII:31 and Psalm 29:8

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Psalm 29 shares the Baal Cycle's thunder that shakes the earth at Baal's voice, placing Israel's God in the storm god's role as a powerful king whose temple witnesses his rule.

Passages

KTU 1.4 VII:31

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
He opens a window in the house A vent in the midst of the palace. Baal opens a gap in the clouds Baal releases his sacred voice. Baal pronounces the matter of his lips His sacred voice, the earth quakes The high places of the Earth tremble. […] Baal's enemies retreat to the woods The haters of Haddu to the mountain sides. And Mightiest Baal declares: O Foes of Haddu, why do you tremble? Why tremble, O Arms-bearers of the Warrior? Baal surveys the East; Indeed, his hand trembles With a cedar in his right hand. So Baal is seated in his house: Will either king or commoner Establish a dominion land? So I will send an emissary to Divine Mot A messenger to El's Beloved, the Hero That he may summon Mot with his voice Instruct the Beloved with his insides.
1350–1185 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in KTU

Psalm 29:8

Hebrew Bible
3 The Lord’s shout is heard over the water; the majestic God thunders, the Lord appears over the surging water. 4 The Lord’s shout is powerful; the Lord’s shout is majestic. 5 The Lord’s shout breaks the cedars; the Lord shatters the cedars of Lebanon. 6 He makes them skip like a calf, Lebanon and Sirion like a young ox. 7 The Lord’s shout strikes with flaming fire. 8 The Lord’s shout shakes the wilderness; the Lord shakes the wilderness of Kadesh. 9 The Lord’s shout bends the large trees and strips the leaves from the forests. Everyone in his temple says, “Majestic!” 10 The Lord sits enthroned over the engulfing waters; the Lord sits enthroned as the eternal king. 11 The Lord gives his people strength; the Lord grants his people security.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

“... Psalm 29 then depicts Yahweh as a warrior god in a storm moving from west to east. Th e divine “voice” thunders over the waters, evidently with the Mediterranean Sea in view (vv. 3–4). Th e picture here recalls Baal’s theophanic “voice” issued against his enemies (KTU 1.4 VII 25–37, SAC 137) as well as his victory over the god Sea (KTU 1.2 IV, SAC 114–15). [...] Th en Yahweh’s storm-theophany “shakes the wilderness of Kadesh” (v. 8), a place with vir- tually the same name in Ugaritic (KTU 1.23.65:  SAC 165: “holy desert”). Even if these are two diff erent places with the same name, they point to a shared tradition. [...] Psalm 29’s depiction of Yahweh as a storm-god, along with specifi c geographical references, suggests a Canaanite background. [...] Dennis Pardee states: “Beyond the simple appropriation of one or two individual characteristics of Baal to Yahweh, how- ever, Psalm 29 seems to refl ect a familiarity with a signifi cant portion of the Baal story as it is known from the Ugaritic texts” (2009: 121; see also 2005: 153–81; 2012: 96–101). ...”
Mark S. Smith, “Canaanite Backgrounds to the Psalms,” in The Oxford Handbook of the Psalms, ed. William P. Brown (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 48–49.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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KTU 1.4 VII:31 and Psalm 29:8

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