Go to Related Reading
About this book

KTU

Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit

About this book

Birth of the Gracious Gods

KTU 1.23

Let me invoke the gracious gods,
and beautiful, sons of Shapshu
Let them give a feast to those of high rank,
in the wilderness of the end of the world.
on their heads,
Eat from any of the food, and drink from the vat any wine!⁠
Greetings, king, greetings, queen, priests and temple-victuallers
The lord and master sat enthroned, in his hand the staff of sterility,
in his hand the staff of widowhood. Those who prune the vine pruned him,
those who bind the vine bound him; they let his tendril fall like a vine.
Seven times shall it be recited on the throne-dais, and the priests are to respond.
Now the steppe, the vast steppe is the steppe of Athirat and Rahmay.
Over a fire seven times the choristers of fine voice boil coriander in milk, mint in butter,
and over the cauldron seven times let incense be burned.
Rahmay went forth, and Athirat set out.
they dressed themselves. May the gracious chorister
and their name let the priest exalt.
The dwellings of the gods eight
seven times
Lapis lazuli, carnelian
scarlet the singers
Let me invoke the gracious gods, both gluttonous from birth,
who suck at the nipples of Athirat’s breasts, from the paps of Rahmay,⁠
Shapshu counts their tendrils,
and grapes. Peace to you, priests and temple-victuallers,
as you proceed to the sacrifice of propitiation.
The vast steppe is the steppe of Athirat and Rahmay,
[…] sits.
El went out to the shore of the sea, and stepped out to the shore of the abyss.
El set the two inflamed ones, the two inflamed ones on top of the cauldron.
Lo, one was lowered, lo, the other was raised. Lo, one cried: Father! father!
and lo, the other cried: Mother! mother! Let El’s penis grow as long as the sea,
yes, El’s penis as the ocean! El’s penis grew as long as the sea,
yes, El’s penis as the ocean. El took the two inflamed ones,
the two inflamed ones from on top of the cauldron; he took them and set them in his house.
El lowered the staff in his right hand, El the rod in his hand. He raised it and threw it skyward,
casting a bird down from the sky. He plucked it and set it on the coals.
El enticed the two wives; lo, the two wives cried out:
O husband, husband! Lowered is your staff, drooping the rod in your hand.
Lo, the bird grew hot by the fire; it was roasted on the coals.
The two wives are the wives of El, the wives of El, and forever. And lo, the two wives cried out:
O father, father! Lowered is your staff,
drooping the rod in your hand! Lo, the bird grew hot by the fire;
and was roasted on the coals. The two daughters are the daughters of El,
the daughters of El, and forever. And lo, the two wives cried out: O husband, husband! Lowered is your staff,
drooping the rod in your hand! Lo, the bird grew hot by the fire,
and was roasted on the coals. The two wives are the wives of El,
the wives of El, and forever. He stooped: their lips he kissed.
O, how sweet were their lips, as sweet as pomegranates;⁠
from kissing came conception, from embracing, impregnation.⁠ He sat and counted five months for growth, ten for the full completion. Both of them crouched
and gave birth to Shahar and Shalim.⁠ Word was brought to El:
The two wives of El have given birth! What have they borne? Shahar and Shalim have been born.
Raise up an offering to Shapshu, the Great Lady, and to the stars who have been begotten.
He stooped: their lips he kissed. Lo, their lips were sweet, sweet as pomegranates.
From kissing came conception, from embracing, impregnation. He sat and counted
five months for growth, ten for the full completion.
Both of them crouched and gave birth. They bore the gracious gods, both gluttonous from birth,
sucking at the nipples of the Lady’s breasts. Word was brought to El:
The two wives of El have given birth! What have they borne? The two gracious gods!⁠
both gluttonous from birth, sucking at the nipples of the Lady’s breasts. A lip to the underworld,
a lip to the heavens, and there entered into their mouths the birds of the air⁠
and the fish from the sea. And wandering abroad, piece by piece they put things from both their right
and from their left into their mouths, and were not satisfied. O wives whom I have married,
O sons whom I have begotten, raise up a dais in the midst of the holy desert:
there you will make your dwelling among the stones and trees. For seven whole years,⁠
for eight periods of time, the gracious gods went to and fro on the steppe;
they roamed the edge of the desert. And they met the guardian of the sown land.⁠
And they cried out to the guardian of the sown land: O guardian, guardian! Open up!
And he made an opening for them,
and they entered. If there is food for us, give some that we may eat.
If there is wine for us, give some that we may drink.
And the guardian of the sown land answered them:
There is wine: whoever enters let him come!
Here is his measure of wine
And his companions let him fill with wine.

Texts in conversation

Compare KTU 1.23:60 and Psalm 8:2

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Hebrew Bible

Share:

Summary

The infant mouths in Psalm 8 may recall Ugaritic stories of hungry divine infants, turning an image of danger into praise that protects against God's enemies.

Passages

KTU 1.23:60

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
From kissing came conception, from embracing, impregnation. He sat and counted five months for growth, ten for the full completion. Both of them crouched and gave birth. They bore the gracious gods, both gluttonous from birth, sucking at the nipples of the Lady’s breasts. Word was brought to El: The two wives of El have given birth! What have they borne? The two gracious gods! both gluttonous from birth, sucking at the nipples of the Lady’s breasts. A lip to the underworld, a lip to the heavens, and there entered into their mouths the birds of the air and the fish from the sea. And wandering abroad, piece by piece they put things from both their right and from their left into their mouths, and were not satisfied. O wives whom I have married,
1350–1185 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in KTU

Psalm 8:2

Hebrew Bible
2 From the mouths of children and nursing babies you have ordained praise on account of your adversaries, so that you might put an end to the vindictive enemy. 3 When I look up at the heavens, which your fingers made, and see the moon and the stars, which you set in place, 4 Of what importance is the human race, that you should notice them? Of what importance is mankind, that you should pay attention to them? 5 You made them a little less than the heavenly beings. You crowned mankind with honor and majesty. 6 you appoint them to rule over your creation; you have placed everything under their authority, 7 including all the sheep and cattle, as well as the wild animals, 8 the birds in the sky, the fish in the sea, and everything that moves through the currents of the seas.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

References

“... Helmer Ringgren proposes that here, as in Psalm 73:9, there is an allusion to the traditional myth as known also from the Ugaritic text, “The Rituals and Myths of the Goodly Gods” (KTU 1.23), also sometimes called the “Birth of the Beautiful Gods.” Called “suckers” (ynqm) like the enigmatic figures of Psalm 8:2, the children of the god El in 1.23 devour all the beasts of the known world and are remanded to the desert for seven or eight years until they are allowed into the sown region. The putative parallel with Psalm 8:2 involves three features: (i) the divine “suckers”; (ii) their appetite that threatens all animals; and (iii) the possible cosmogonic setting of this myth. Perhaps a related mythic version underlies these texts, and the beasts in verses 7–8 (MT 8–9) might be interpreted with this in mind: instead of the troublesome cosmic forces devouring all the animals of the world (as in KTU 1.23), they are given instead to humanity as their ruler (Psalm 8). ...”
Mark S. Smith, The Priestly Vision of Genesis 1 (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2010), PDF 340.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Your feedback

KTU 1.23:60 and Psalm 8:2

Leave a comment

Your questions and comments are welcome!

Comments

Glossary

Search the Library