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KTU

Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit

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Aqhat

KTU 1.19 I

[Of] Aqhat.
The bow of Aqhat came down into the midst of the waters;
the arrows of the hero fell into the depths. Shattered was the bow of Aqhat the hero,
shattered was ‘Precious’, the bow of the son of Danel.
Virgin Anat came back,
the Beloved of the Powerful One returned. She picked up the quiver
in his hands, as a singer a lyre in his fingers.
Like a chisel was her mouth;
her teeth seized him and she devoured his entrails.
She cleft him like the heart of a terebinth,
and cut the cadaver in two. She divided his cadaver,
She dismembered Aqhat. He was put down like a mighty serpent,
like a huge viper in a sheepfold, like a dog deserving a stick. I struck him.
Now because of his bow I struck him;
on account of his arrows I certainly did not let him live,
yet his bow has not been given to me;
and because of his death the land is atrophied,
the first-fruits of summer shriveled, the ears of corn in their husks.
Then Danel the man of healing,
at once the hero, the devotee of Hrnm, arose
and sat by the entrance to the gate,
beneath the trees which were by the threshing-floor. He tried the case of the widow,⁠
he judged the cause of the orphan.
[…]
[…]
On lifting up her eyes she saw
that the fleece on the threshing-floor was dry,
that the field was wilted,
that the fruit of the orchard was shriveled.
Over her father’s house some falcons hovered,
a flock of hawks was watching.
Pughat wept in her heart,⁠
she cried in her liver.
She tore the garment of Danel the man of healing,
the cloak of the hero, the devotee of Hrnm.
Then Danel the man of healing cursed the clouds,⁠
which rain on the dreadful heat, the clouds which rain on the summer-fruit,
the dew which settles on the grapes:
“For seven years Baal shall fail,
for eight, the Charioteer of the clouds!
No dew, no rain, no welling up of the deeps, no goodness of Baal’s voice!⁠
no surging of the two deeps, no⁠
For she has torn the garment of Danel the man of healing,
the cloak of the hero, the devotee of Hrnm!”
Aloud to his daughter [Danel cried out]:

Texts in conversation

Compare KTU 1.19 I:44 and 1 Kings 17:1

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In 1 Kings 17, Elijah's drought announcement uses the same denial of dew and rain as Danel's curse, turning Baal's supposed power over fertility into a test of Israel's God.

Passages

KTU 1.19 I:44

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
Over her father’s house some falcons hovered, a flock of hawks was watching. Pughat wept in her heart, she cried in her liver. She tore the garment of Danel the man of healing, the cloak of the hero, the devotee of Hrnm. Then Danel the man of healing cursed the clouds, which rain on the dreadful heat, the clouds which rain on the summer-fruit, the dew which settles on the grapes: “For seven years Baal shall fail, for eight, the Charioteer of the clouds! No dew, no rain, no welling up of the deeps, no goodness of Baal’s voice! no surging of the two deeps, no For she has torn the garment of Danel the man of healing, the cloak of the hero, the devotee of Hrnm!”
1350–1185 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in KTU

1 Kings 17:1

Hebrew Bible
1 Elijah the Tishbite, from Tishbe in Gilead, said to Ahab, “As certainly as the Lord God of Israel lives (whom I serve), there will be no dew or rain in the years ahead unless I give the command.” 2 The Lord’s message came to him: 3 “Leave here and travel eastward. Hide out in the Kerith Valley near the Jordan. 4 Drink from the stream; I have already told the ravens to bring you food there.” 5 So he carried out the Lord’s message; he went and lived in the Kerith Valley near the Jordan. 6 The ravens would bring him bread and meat each morning and evening, and he would drink from the stream. 7 After a while, the stream dried up because there had been no rain in the land.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Kings

References

“... The descriptions of Baal and baals in 1 Kings 17-19, Hosea 2, and other biblical texts raise a final issue concerning Baal’s character in ancient Israel. In the Ugaritic sources Baal’s meteorological manifestations are expressions of his martial power. In contrast, 1 Kings 17-19 and Hosea 2 deplore belief in Baal’s ability to produce rains, but these and other biblical passages are silent on the martial import of his manifestation. Indeed, no biblical text expresses ideas about Baal’s status as a warrior. Yahweh had perhaps exhibited and possibly usurped this role at such an early point for the tradents of Israel’s religious literature. This conclusion might be inferred from the numerous similarities between Baal and Yahweh that many scholars have long observed. ...” “... Various West Semitic descriptions emphasize either Baal’s theophany in the storm (KTU 1.4 V 6-9, 1.6 III 6f., 12f., 1.19 I 42-46) or his role as warrior (KTU 1.2 IV, 1.5 I 1-5, 1.119.26-29, 34-36; RS 16.144.9334). ...”
Mark S. Smith, The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel, 2nd ed., The Biblical Resource Series (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002), PDF 99–100.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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KTU 1.19 I:44 and 1 Kings 17:1

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