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KTU

Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit

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Incantation against Snakebite

KTU 1.100

The mother of the stallion, the mare, daughter of the spring, daughter of the stone, daughter of heaven and the deep,
calls to Shapshu her mother: "Shapshu, mother, carry my message to⁠
El at the source of the two rivers, at the meeting of the two deeps:
My spell for the bite of the snake, the venomous snake, the snake
[…]. From it let the charmer destroy, from it let him cast out
the venom." Then he binds the snake, feeds the snake […],
sets out a chair and sits.
She calls to Shapshu her mother: "Shapshu, mother, carry my message
to Baal on the heights of Sapan: My spell for the bite
of the snake, the venomous snake, the snake […]. From it
let the charmer destroy, from it let him cast out the venom." Then he binds
the snake, feeds the snake […], sets out a chair
and sits.
She calls to Shapshu her mother: "Shapshu, mother, carry my message to
Dagan in Tuttul: My spell for the bite of the snake, the venomous snake,
the snake […]. From it let the charmer destroy, from it
let him cast out the venom." Then he binds the snake, feeds
the snake […], sets out a chair and sits.
She calls to Shapshu her mother: "Shapshu, mother, carry my message to
Anat and Athtart in Inbubu: My spell for the bite
of the snake, the venomous snake, the snake […]. From it let the
charmer destroy, from it let him cast out the venom." Then he binds
the snake, feeds the snake […], sets out a chair
and sits.
She calls to Shapshu her mother: "Shapshu, mo[ther], carry [my message] to
Yarih in Larugatu: My spell for the bite of the snake, the venomous snake,
the snake […]. From it let the charmer destroy, from it let him cast out
the venom." Then he binds the snake, feeds the snake
[…], sets out a chair and sits.
She calls to Shapshu her mother: "Shapshu, mother, carry my message to
Rashap in Bibitu: My spell for the bite of the snake, the venomous snake,
the snake […]. From it let the charmer destroy, from it let him cast out
the venom." Then he binds the snake, feeds the snake […],
sets out a chair and sits.
She calls to Shapshu her mother: "Shapshu, mother, carry my message to
Zizzu and Kamathu in Hurriyatu: My spell for the bite of the snake, the venomous
snake, the snake […]. From it let the charmer destroy, from it
let him cast out the venom." Then he binds the snake, feeds the snake
[…], sets out a chair and sits.
She calls to Shapshu her mother: "Shapshu, mother, carry my message to
Milku in Athtarat: My spell for the bite of the snake, the venomous snake,
the snake […]. From it let the charmer destroy, from it let him cast out
the venom." Then he binds the snake, feeds the snake
[…], sets out a chair and sits.
She calls to Shapshu her mother: "Shapshu, mother, carry my message to
Kothar-wa-Hasis in Caphtor: My spell for the bite of the snake,
the venomous snake, the snake […]. From it let the charmer destroy,
from it let him cast out the venom." Then he binds the snake,
feeds the snake […], sets out a chair
and sits.
She calls to Shapshu her mother: "Shapshu, mother, carry my message to
Shahar and Shalim in the heavens: My spell for the bite of the snake,
the venomous snake, the snake […]. From it let the charmer
destroy, from it let him cast out the venom." Then he binds
the snake, feeds the snake […], sets out
a chair and sits.
She calls to Shapshu her mother: "Shapshu, mother, carry my message
to Horon in […]: My spell for the bite of the snake,
the venomous snake, the snake […]. From it let the charmer
destroy, from it let him cast out the venom."
Toward Horon she turns her face, for she is losing
her offspring. […] the city of the east.
Then he sets his face toward great Arashih
and […] Arashih. He casts a tamarisk from among the trees,
and from among the shrubs the tree of death. With the tamarisk he shakes it off,
with the date cluster he drives it away, with […] he removes it, […]
[…] he carries it off. Horon arrives at his house and
goes to his court. The venom […] like a stream,
it runs off like a channel.
Behind her is the house of the spell, behind her the house is shut,
behind her the bronze is set. "Open the house of the spell,
open the house so I may enter, the palace so I may go in."
"Give snakes, give poisonous lizards as
my bride-price, and the young of the serpent as my gift."
"I give snakes as your bride-price, the young of the serpent
as your gift."
After Rashap, Athtart:
to Athtart in Mari:
My spell for the bite of the snake.

Texts in conversation

Compare KTU 1.100:2 and Numbers 22:28

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In Numbers 22, Balaam's speaking donkey shares the storytelling device found in Ugarit's speaking mare, giving an animal a role in seeking or recognizing divine help.

Passages

KTU 1.100:2

Ancient Near East, Ugaritic · Cuneiform Texts from Ugarit
The mother of the stallion, the mare, daughter of the spring, daughter of the stone, daughter of heaven and the deep, calls to Shapshu her mother: "Shapshu, mother, carry my message to El at the source of the two rivers, at the meeting of the two deeps: My spell for the bite of the snake, the venomous snake, the snake […]. From it let the charmer destroy, from it let him cast out the venom." Then he binds the snake, feeds the snake […], sets out a chair and sits. She calls to Shapshu her mother: "Shapshu, mother, carry my message to Baal on the heights of Sapan: My spell for the bite of the snake, the venomous snake, the snake […]. From it let the charmer destroy, from it let him cast out the venom." Then he binds the snake, feeds the snake […], sets out a chair and sits.
1350–1185 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in KTU

Numbers 22:28

Hebrew Bible
28 Then the Lord opened the mouth of the donkey, and she said to Balaam, “What have I done to you that you have beaten me these three times?” 29 And Balaam said to the donkey, “You have made me look stupid; I wish there were a sword in my hand, for I would kill you right now.” 30 The donkey said to Balaam, “Am I not your donkey that you have ridden ever since I was yours until this day? Have I ever attempted to treat you this way?” And he said, “No.” 31 Then the Lord opened Balaam’s eyes, and he saw the angel of the Lord standing in the way with his sword drawn in his hand; so he bowed his head and threw himself down with his face to the ground.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

References

“... The observation that the Balaam tradition features animals with speech ca- pabilities should not be surprising in the light of other instances in ancient Near Eastern literature. 195 In fact, numerous texts are now known to contain references to talking animals. 196 Of particular interest are texts that feature equids or birds in speaking roles. 197 Texts featuring talking animals are found in Egyptian, Hittite, Ugaritic, Aramaic, Akkadian, and Sumerian literature, and they are usually classified under the generic categories of fable, tale, proverb, [...] Biblical, Hit- tite, and Aramaic literature all provide at least two texts each (Genesis 3, Numbers 22, “Sun God and the Cow,” “Wrath of Telipinu,” “Proverbs of Ahiqar,” DAPT). Ugaritic literature has at least one text (Ḥôrānu and the Mare [KTU 1.100]). ...”
Kenneth C. Way, Donkeys in the Biblical World: Ceremony and Symbol (University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 2011), 65–66.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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KTU 1.100:2 and Numbers 22:28

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