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Judges

About this book
Chapter 7

1 Jerub Baal (that is, Gideon) and his men got up the next morning and camped near the spring of Harod. The Midianites were camped north of them near the hill of Moreh in the valley. 2 The Lord said to Gideon, “You have too many men for me to hand Midian over to you. Israel might brag, ‘Our own strength has delivered us.’⁠ 3 Now, announce to the men, ‘Whoever is shaking with fear may turn around and leave Mount Gilead.’” Twenty-two thousand men went home; 10,000 remained. 4 The Lord spoke to Gideon again, “There are still too many men. Bring them down to the water, and I will thin the ranks some more. When I say, ‘This one should go with you,’ pick him to go; when I say, ‘This one should not go with you,’ do not take him.” 5 So he brought the men down to the water. Then the Lord said to Gideon, “Separate those who lap the water as a dog laps from those who kneel to drink.” 6 Only 300 men lapped with their hands to their mouths; the rest of the men kneeled to drink water. 7 The Lord said to Gideon, “With the 300 men who lapped I will deliver the whole army, and I will hand Midian over to you. The rest of the men should go home.” 8 The men who were chosen took supplies and their trumpets. Gideon sent all the men of Israel back to their homes; he kept only 300 men. Now the Midianites were camped down below in the valley. 9 That night the Lord said to Gideon, “Get up! Attack the camp, for I am handing it over to you. 10 But if you are afraid to attack, go down to the camp with Purah your servant 11 and listen to what they are saying. Then you will be brave and attack the camp.” So he went down with Purah his servant to where the sentries were guarding the camp. 12 Now the Midianites, Amalekites, and the people from the east covered the valley like a swarm of locusts. Their camels could not be counted; they were as innumerable as the sand on the seashore. 13 When Gideon arrived, he heard a man telling another man about a dream he had. The man said, “Look! I had a dream. I saw a stale cake of barley bread rolling into the Midianite camp. It hit a tent so hard it knocked it over and turned it upside down. The tent just collapsed.”⁠ 14 The other man said, “Without a doubt this symbolizes the sword of Gideon son of Joash, the Israelite. God is handing Midian and all the army over to him.” 15 When Gideon heard the report of the dream and its interpretation, he praised God. Then he went back to the Israelite camp and said, “Get up, for the Lord is handing the Midianite army over to you!” 16 He divided the 300 men into three units. He gave them all trumpets and empty jars with torches inside them. 17 He said to them, “Watch me and do as I do. Watch closely! I am going to the edge of the camp. Do as I do! 18 When I and all who are with me blow our trumpets, you also blow your trumpets all around the camp. Then say, ‘For the Lord and for Gideon!’” 19 Gideon took 100 men to the edge of the camp at the beginning of the middle watch, just after they had changed the guards. They blew their trumpets and broke the jars they were carrying. 20 All three units blew their trumpets and broke their jars. They held the torches in their left hand and the trumpets in their right. Then they yelled, “A sword for the Lord and for Gideon!” 21 They stood in order all around the camp. The whole Midianite army ran away; they shouted as they scrambled away. 22 When the 300 men blew their trumpets, the Lord caused the Midianites to attack one another with their swords throughout the camp. The army fled to Beth Shittah on the way to Zererah. They went to the border of Abel Meholah near Tabbath. 23 Israelites from Naphtali, Asher, and Manasseh answered the call and chased the Midianites. 24 Now Gideon sent messengers throughout the Ephraimite hill country who announced, “Go down and head off the Midianites. Take control of the fords of the streams all the way to Beth Barah and the Jordan River.” When all the Ephraimites had assembled, they took control of the fords all the way to Beth Barah and the Jordan River. 25 They captured the two Midianite generals, Oreb and Zeeb. They executed Oreb on the rock of Oreb and Zeeb in the winepress of Zeeb. They chased the Midianites and brought the heads of Oreb and Zeeb to Gideon, who was now on the other side of the Jordan River.

Texts in conversation

Compare Judges 7:2 and 1 Maccabees 3:19

Hebrew Bible · Deuterocanon

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Summary

1 Maccabees 3 echoes Judges 7, where Gideon’s forces are intentionally reduced to attribute victory to God rather than to human strength. Later Jewish texts followed the literary patterns established in the Hebrew Bible.

Passages

Judges 7:2

Hebrew Bible
1 Jerub Baal (that is, Gideon) and his men got up the next morning and camped near the spring of Harod. The Midianites were camped north of them near the hill of Moreh in the valley. 2 The Lord said to Gideon, “You have too many men for me to hand Midian over to you. Israel might brag, ‘Our own strength has delivered us.’ 3 Now, announce to the men, ‘Whoever is shaking with fear may turn around and leave Mount Gilead.’” Twenty-two thousand men went home; 10,000 remained.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Judges

1 Maccabees 3:19

Deuterocanon
17 But when they saw the army coming to meet them, they said to Judas, “What? Shall we be able, being a small company, to fight against so great and strong a multitude? We for our part are faint, having tasted no food this day.” 18 Judas said, “It is an easy thing for many to be hemmed in by the hands of a few. With heaven it is all one, to save by many or by few; 19 for victory in battle does not stand in the multitude of an army, but strength is from heaven. 20 They come to us in fullness of insolence and lawlessness, to destroy us and our wives and our children, and to plunder us,
134–63 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Maccabees

References

"... The tale found in Judges 7 is famous for twice reducing the number of Gideon’s military forces (from 32,000 to 10,000, and then to 300) that were to face the already overwhelming 135,000 Midianite troops (Judges 8:10). The reason given is explicit: “lest Israel claim for themselves the glory due to [Yahweh]” by asserting that they achieved military victory through their own machinations (Judges 7:2). With the odds set outlandishly against them (450 to 1), only Yahweh could receive the glory. A similar notion is found elsewhere in the Deuteronomistic History when we read of Jonathan instructing his armor bearer that “nothing can hinder Yahweh from a military conquest, by many or by few” (1 Samuel 14:6). To prove the point, the narrative has the two lonely underdogs defeat ten times as many Philistine solders. The panic that results throughout the Philistine garrison - together with the earth quaking is divinely caused (1 Samuel 14:15). P. Kyle McCarter notes how such a tradition lived on in the history of the Maccabees, where we “read almost like a midrash” the following comment: “And Judas said: ‘It is easy for many to be overpowered by a few; nor is it different before Heaven to save by many or by few! For not on the size of the army does victory in battle depend: rather it is from Heaven that strength comes!’” (1 Maccabees 3:18–19) ..."
Theodore J. Lewis, The Origin and Character of God: Ancient Israelite Religion through the Lens of Divinity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020), 465.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Judges 7:2 and 1 Maccabees 3:19

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