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Judges

About this book
Chapter 5

1 On that day Deborah and Barak son of Abinoam sang this victory song: 2 “When the leaders took the lead in Israel, When the people answered the call to war—Praise the Lord! 3 Hear, O kings! Pay attention, O rulers! I will sing to the Lord! I will sing to the Lord God of Israel! 4 “O Lord, when you departed from Seir, when you marched from Edom’s plains,⁠ the earth shook, the heavens poured down,⁠ the clouds poured down rain.⁠ 5 The mountains trembled before the Lord, the God of Sinai; before the Lord God of Israel.⁠ 6 “In the days of Shamgar son of Anath, in the days of Jael caravans disappeared; travelers had to go on winding side roads. 7 Warriors were scarce; they were scarce in Israel, until you arose, Deborah, until you arose as a motherly protector in Israel. 8 God chose new leaders,⁠ then fighters appeared in the city gates; but, I swear, not a shield or spear could be found among 40 military units in Israel. 9 My heart went out to Israel’s leaders, to the people who answered the call to war. Praise the Lord! 10 “You who ride on light-colored female donkeys, who sit on saddle blankets, you who walk on the road, pay attention! 11 Hear the sound of those who divide the sheep among the watering places; there they tell of the Lord’s victorious deeds, the victorious deeds of his warriors in Israel. Then the Lord’s people went down to the city gates— 12 “Wake up, wake up, Deborah! Wake up, wake up, sing a song! Get up, Barak! Capture your prisoners of war, son of Abinoam! 13 Then the survivors came down to the mighty ones; the Lord’s people came down to me as warriors. 14 They came from Ephraim, who uprooted Amalek; they follow after you, Benjamin, with your soldiers. From Makir leaders came down, from Zebulun came the ones who march carrying an officer’s staff. 15 Issachar’s leaders were with Deborah; the men of Issachar supported Barak; into the valley they were sent under Barak’s command. Among the clans of Reuben there was intense heart searching.⁠ 16 Why do you remain among the sheepfolds, listening to the shepherds playing their pipes for their flocks? As for the clans of Reuben—there was intense searching of heart. 17 Gilead stayed put beyond the Jordan River. As for Dan—why did he seek temporary employment in the shipyards? Asher remained on the seacoast; he stayed by his harbors. 18 The men of Zebulun were not concerned about their lives; Naphtali charged onto the battlefields. 19 “Kings came, they fought; the kings of Canaan fought at Taanach by the waters of Megiddo, but they took no silver as plunder.⁠ 20 From the sky the stars fought, from their paths in the heavens they fought against Sisera. 21 The onrushing torrent* carried them off;⁠ the river confronted them—the Kishon River. Step on the necks of the strong! 22 “The horses’ hooves pounded the ground; the stallions galloped madly. 23 ‘Call judgment down on Meroz,’ says the angel of the Lord; ‘Be sure to call judgment down on those who live there, because they did not come to help in the Lord’s battle, to help in the Lord’s battle against the warriors.’ 24 The most rewarded of women should be Jael,⁠ the wife of Heber the Kenite! She should be the most rewarded of women who live in tents.⁠ 25 He asked for water, and she gave him milk; in a bowl fit for a king, she served him curds.⁠ 26 Her left hand reached for the tent peg, her right hand for the workmen’s hammer. She ‘hammered’ Sisera, she shattered his skull, she smashed his head, she drove the tent peg through his temple. 27 Between her feet he collapsed, he fell limp and was lifeless; between her feet he collapsed and fell, in the spot where he collapsed, there he fell—violently killed! 28 “Through the window she looked; Sisera’s mother cried out through the lattice: ‘Why is his chariot so slow to return? Why are the hoofbeats of his chariot horses delayed?’ 29 The wisest of her ladies answer; indeed she even thinks to herself, 30 ‘No doubt they are gathering and dividing the plunder—a girl or two for each man to rape!⁠ Sisera is grabbing up colorful cloth, he is grabbing up colorful embroidered cloth, two pieces of colorful embroidered cloth, for the neck of the plunderer!’ 31 “May all your enemies perish like this, O Lord! But may those who love you shine like the rising sun at its brightest.”⁠ And the land had rest for forty years.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Amarah West Inscription and Judges 5:4

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

An Egyptian text from the thirteenth century BCE describes a nomad group called Yhw and another called Seir in the same southern region. In Judges, God is described marching from Seir to fight for Israel, locating the divine name in the same area.

Passages

Amarah West Inscription

Ancient Near East, Egyptian · ʻAmarah West Topographical List
From the wall inscription in the hypostyle hall of the temple of Amun-Re at ʻAmarah West, built under Ramses II. Lines 93-98 list subdivisions of the “Shasu-land” (ta shasu) in reversed order from the older Soleb list, with Seir added at the head. ta shasu sʻrr (Shasu-land: Seir) ta shasu rbn (Shasu-land: L(?)-b-n?) ta shasu pyspʒys (Shasu-land: Pyspys) ta shasu smt (Shasu-land: Smt) ta shasu yhwʒ (Shasu-land: Yhwʒ) ta shasu (t)rbr (Shasu-land: (T)rbr)
1279–1213 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Amarah West Inscription

Judges 5:4

Hebrew Bible
3 Hear, O kings! Pay attention, O rulers! I will sing to the Lord! I will sing to the Lord God of Israel! 4 “O Lord, when you departed from Seir, when you marched from Edom’s plains, the earth shook, the heavens poured down, the clouds poured down rain. 5 The mountains trembled before the Lord, the God of Sinai; before the Lord God of Israel. 6 “In the days of Shamgar son of Anath, in the days of Jael caravans disappeared; travelers had to go on winding side roads.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Judges

References

... The first discovery of the Egyptian evidence appears in a short 1947 note by Bernhard Grdseloff, followed by Raphael Giveon with publication in 1964 of new evidence from Soleb. Because the later of these lists, from the reign of Ramses II (around 1279-1213), includes a name that many have read as Seir, matching the first site for Yahweh's advance in Judges 5:4, the Egyptian evidence has been understood to confirm further the southern origin of Israel's Yahweh, however the Shasu name may relate to the later god. ... It is immediately evident that the lists from Soleb and ʻAmarah West are somehow copies, though the first is more than a century older than the second. The three Shasu-land names in Soleb's column N4 appear in reverse order as the last three lines (lines 96-98) at ʻAmarah West. ...
Daniel E. Fleming, Yahweh Before Israel: Glimpses of History in a Divine Name (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021), 12, 40–43.

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Amarah West Inscription and Judges 5:4

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