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Judges

About this book
Chapter 5

1 On that day Deborah and Barak son of Abinoam sang this victory song: 2 “When the leaders took the lead in Israel, When the people answered the call to war—Praise the Lord! 3 Hear, O kings! Pay attention, O rulers! I will sing to the Lord! I will sing to the Lord God of Israel! 4 “O Lord, when you departed from Seir, when you marched from Edom’s plains,⁠ the earth shook, the heavens poured down,⁠ the clouds poured down rain.⁠ 5 The mountains trembled before the Lord, the God of Sinai; before the Lord God of Israel.⁠ 6 “In the days of Shamgar son of Anath, in the days of Jael caravans disappeared; travelers had to go on winding side roads. 7 Warriors were scarce; they were scarce in Israel, until you arose, Deborah, until you arose as a motherly protector in Israel. 8 God chose new leaders,⁠ then fighters appeared in the city gates; but, I swear, not a shield or spear could be found among 40 military units in Israel. 9 My heart went out to Israel’s leaders, to the people who answered the call to war. Praise the Lord! 10 “You who ride on light-colored female donkeys, who sit on saddle blankets, you who walk on the road, pay attention! 11 Hear the sound of those who divide the sheep among the watering places; there they tell of the Lord’s victorious deeds, the victorious deeds of his warriors in Israel. Then the Lord’s people went down to the city gates— 12 “Wake up, wake up, Deborah! Wake up, wake up, sing a song! Get up, Barak! Capture your prisoners of war, son of Abinoam! 13 Then the survivors came down to the mighty ones; the Lord’s people came down to me as warriors. 14 They came from Ephraim, who uprooted Amalek; they follow after you, Benjamin, with your soldiers. From Makir leaders came down, from Zebulun came the ones who march carrying an officer’s staff. 15 Issachar’s leaders were with Deborah; the men of Issachar supported Barak; into the valley they were sent under Barak’s command. Among the clans of Reuben there was intense heart searching.⁠ 16 Why do you remain among the sheepfolds, listening to the shepherds playing their pipes for their flocks? As for the clans of Reuben—there was intense searching of heart. 17 Gilead stayed put beyond the Jordan River. As for Dan—why did he seek temporary employment in the shipyards? Asher remained on the seacoast; he stayed by his harbors. 18 The men of Zebulun were not concerned about their lives; Naphtali charged onto the battlefields. 19 “Kings came, they fought; the kings of Canaan fought at Taanach by the waters of Megiddo, but they took no silver as plunder.⁠ 20 From the sky the stars fought, from their paths in the heavens they fought against Sisera. 21 The onrushing torrent* carried them off;⁠ the river confronted them—the Kishon River. Step on the necks of the strong! 22 “The horses’ hooves pounded the ground; the stallions galloped madly. 23 ‘Call judgment down on Meroz,’ says the angel of the Lord; ‘Be sure to call judgment down on those who live there, because they did not come to help in the Lord’s battle, to help in the Lord’s battle against the warriors.’ 24 The most rewarded of women should be Jael,⁠ the wife of Heber the Kenite! She should be the most rewarded of women who live in tents.⁠ 25 He asked for water, and she gave him milk; in a bowl fit for a king, she served him curds.⁠ 26 Her left hand reached for the tent peg, her right hand for the workmen’s hammer. She ‘hammered’ Sisera, she shattered his skull, she smashed his head, she drove the tent peg through his temple. 27 Between her feet he collapsed, he fell limp and was lifeless; between her feet he collapsed and fell, in the spot where he collapsed, there he fell—violently killed! 28 “Through the window she looked; Sisera’s mother cried out through the lattice: ‘Why is his chariot so slow to return? Why are the hoofbeats of his chariot horses delayed?’ 29 The wisest of her ladies answer; indeed she even thinks to herself, 30 ‘No doubt they are gathering and dividing the plunder—a girl or two for each man to rape!⁠ Sisera is grabbing up colorful cloth, he is grabbing up colorful embroidered cloth, two pieces of colorful embroidered cloth, for the neck of the plunderer!’ 31 “May all your enemies perish like this, O Lord! But may those who love you shine like the rising sun at its brightest.”⁠ And the land had rest for forty years.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Judges 5:15 and Pseudo Philo, Biblical Antiquities 10:3

Hebrew Bible · Classical

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Summary

Judges 5 describes Israel’s tribes arguing about joining the battle, with Reuben hesitating. Pseudo-Philo echoes this argument in its version of the Red Sea crossing, where the tribes disagree over whether to drown, surrender, or fight.

Passages

Judges 5:15

Hebrew Bible
14 They came from Ephraim, who uprooted Amalek; they follow after you, Benjamin, with your soldiers. From Makir leaders came down, from Zebulun came the ones who march carrying an officer’s staff. 15 Issachar’s leaders were with Deborah; the men of Issachar supported Barak; into the valley they were sent under Barak’s command. Among the clans of Reuben there was intense heart searching. 16 Why do you remain among the sheepfolds, listening to the shepherds playing their pipes for their flocks? As for the clans of Reuben—there was intense searching of heart. 17 Gilead stayed put beyond the Jordan River. As for Dan—why did he seek temporary employment in the shipyards? Asher remained on the seacoast; he stayed by his harbors. 18 The men of Zebulun were not concerned about their lives; Naphtali charged onto the battlefields.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Judges

Pseudo Philo, Biblical Antiquities 10:3

Classical
2 When they had gone out from there and were on their way, the heart of the Egyptians was hardened yet again, and they continued to pursue them and found them by the Red Sea. The children of Israel cried out to their God and said to Moses, “The time of our destruction has come, for the sea is in front of us and the multitude of enemies behind us, and we are in the middle. Was it for this that God brought us out? Are these the covenants he made with our fathers, saying, ‘To your offspring I will give the land where you dwell’? Now let him do with us what seems good in his sight.” 3 Then the children of Israel split their counsels into three, because of the fear of that moment. The tribes of Ruben, Isachar, Zabulon, and Symeon said, “Come, let us throw ourselves into the sea, for it is better for us to die in the water than to be killed by our enemies.” The tribes of Gad, Aser, Dan, and Neptalim said, “No, let us go back with them, and if they will spare our lives, we will serve them.” But the tribes of Levi, Juda, Joseph, and Benjamin said, “Not so; let us take up our weapons and fight them, and God will be with us.”
1–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Philo, Biblical Antiquities

References

“... Pseudo-Philo often draws upon parallel accounts in order to enrich the retelling of the biblical narrative. When the daughter of Jephthah faces death because of her father’s vow, she alludes to Isaac’s willingness to be sacrificed (LAB 40.2). Similarly, Samuel’s avowal of innocence alludes to Moses’ response to the accusations of Korah (LAB 57.2; 1 Sam. 12.3; Num. 16.5). Pseudo-Philo’s story of Abram’s experience in the fiery furnace is in part inspired by the experience of the three friends in Daniel 3. Pseudo-Philo’s retelling of the crossing of the Red Sea is enriched with allusions to Pss. 18.15 and 106.9, while his description of dissension and division among the tribes (LAB 10.3) has been influenced in part by Judg. 5.15-16. The description of the events at Sinai is also influenced by allusions to other parts of Scripture. The account of the life of Kenaz in LAB 25–28, Pseudo-Philo’s lengthiest departure from the biblical narrative, is heavily influenced by Scripture. Bauckham cites some two dozen biblical passages that are instrumental in shaping the story. ...”
Craig A. Evans, “Luke and the Rewritten Bible: Aspects of Lukan Hagiography,” in The Pseudepigrapha and Early Biblical Interpretation, ed. James H. Charlesworth and Craig A. Evans, JSPSup 14 (Sheffield: JSOT, 1993), 188.

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Judges 5:15 and Pseudo Philo, Biblical Antiquities 10:3

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