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Judges

About this book
Chapter 19

1 In those days Israel had no king. There was a Levite living temporarily in the remote region of the Ephraimite hill country. He acquired a concubine from Bethlehem in Judah. 2 However, she was unfaithful to him*⁠ and went home to her father’s house in Bethlehem in Judah. When she had been there four months, 3 her husband came after her, hoping he could convince her to return. He brought with him his servant and a pair of donkeys. When she brought him into her father’s house and the girl’s father saw him, he greeted him warmly. 4 His father-in-law, the girl’s father, persuaded him to stay with him for three days, and they ate and drank together, and spent the night there. 5 On the fourth day they woke up early and the Levite got ready to leave. But the girl’s father said to his son-in-law, “Have a bite to eat for some energy, then you can go.” 6 So the two of them sat down and had a meal together. Then the girl’s father said to the man, “Why not stay another night and have a good time?” 7 When the man got ready to leave, his father-in-law convinced him to stay another night. 8 He woke up early in the morning on the fifth day so he could leave, but the girl’s father said, “Get some energy! Wait until later in the day to leave.” So they ate a meal together. 9 When the man got ready to leave with his concubine and his servant, his father-in-law, the girl’s father, said to him, “Look! The day is almost over. Stay another night! Since the day is over, stay another night here and have a good time. You can get up early tomorrow and start your trip home.” 10 But the man did not want to stay another night. He left and traveled as far as Jebus (that is, Jerusalem). He had with him a pair of saddled donkeys and his concubine. 11 When they got near Jebus, it was getting quite late and the servant said to his master, “Come on, let’s stop at this Jebusite city and spend the night in it.” 12 But his master said to him, “We should not stop at a foreign city where non-Israelites live. We will travel on to Gibeah.” 13 He said to his servant, “Come on, we will go into one of the other towns and spend the night in Gibeah or Ramah.” 14 So they traveled on, and the sun went down when they were near Gibeah in the territory of Benjamin. 15 They stopped there and decided to spend the night in Gibeah. They came into the city and sat down in the town square,⁠ but no one invited them to spend the night. 16 But then an old man passed by, returning at the end of the day from his work in the field. The man was from the Ephraimite hill country; he was living temporarily in Gibeah. (The residents of the town were Benjaminites.) 17 When he looked up and saw the traveler in the town square, the old man said, “Where are you heading? Where do you come from?” 18 The Levite said to him, “We are traveling from Bethlehem in Judah to the remote region of the Ephraimite hill country. That’s where I’m from. I had business in Bethlehem in Judah, but now I’m heading home. But no one has invited me into their home. 19 We have enough straw and grain for our donkeys, and there is enough food and wine for me, your female servant, and the young man who is with your servants. We lack nothing.” 20 The old man said, “Everything is just fine. I will take care of all your needs. But don’t spend the night in the town square.” 21 So he brought him to his house and fed the donkeys. They washed their feet and had a meal. 22 They were having a good time, when suddenly some men of the city, some good-for-nothings, surrounded the house and kept beating on the door. They said to the old man who owned the house, “Send out the man who came to visit you so we can take carnal knowledge of him.”⁠ 23 The man who owned the house went outside and said to them, “No, my brothers! Don’t do this wicked thing! After all, this man is a guest in my house. Don’t do such a disgraceful thing!⁠ 24 Here are my virgin daughter and my guest’s concubine. I will send them out, and you can abuse them and do to them whatever you like. But don’t do such a disgraceful thing to this man!” 25 The men refused to listen to him, so the Levite grabbed his concubine and made her go outside. They raped her and abused her all night long until morning. They let her go at dawn. 26 The woman arrived back at daybreak and was sprawled out on the doorstep of the house where her master was staying until it became light. 27 When her master got up in the morning, opened the doors of the house, and went outside to start on his journey, there was the woman, his concubine, sprawled out on the doorstep of the house with her hands on the threshold. 28 He said to her, “Get up, let’s leave.” But there was no response. He put her on the donkey and went home. 29 When he got home, he took a knife, grasped his concubine, and carved her up into twelve pieces. Then he sent the pieces throughout Israel.⁠ 30 Everyone who saw the sight said, “Nothing like this has happened or been witnessed during the entire time since the Israelites left the land of Egypt! Take careful note of it! Discuss it and speak!”

Texts in conversation

Compare Judges 19:2 and LXX Judges 19:2

Hebrew Bible · Septuagint

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Summary

In the Hebrew version of Judges, the Levite’s concubine leaves him, and says she was unfaithful to him, placing the blame on her. The Greek Septuagint says only that she went away, with no claim of unfaithfulness before the violence that follows.

Passages

Judges 19:2

Hebrew Bible
1 In those days Israel had no king. There was a Levite living temporarily in the remote region of the Ephraimite hill country. He acquired a concubine from Bethlehem in Judah. 2 However, she was unfaithful to him* and went home to her father’s house in Bethlehem in Judah. When she had been there four months, 3 her husband came after her, hoping he could convince her to return. He brought with him his servant and a pair of donkeys. When she brought him into her father’s house and the girl’s father saw him, he greeted him warmly.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Judges

LXX Judges 19:2

Septuagint
1 And it happened in those days that there was no king in Israel; and there was a Levite staying in the sides of mount Ephraim, and he took to himself a concubine from Bethlehem Judah. 2 And his concubine departed from him, and went away from him to the house of her father to Bethlehem Judah, and she was there four months. 3 And her husband rose up, and went after her to speak kindly to her, to recover her to himself; and he had his young man with him, and a pair of donkeys; and she brought him into the house of her father; and the father of the young woman saw him, and was well pleased to meet him.
200–101 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Judges

References

... While the Masoretic Text Judges 19:2 states that the concubine “was unfaithful to him” (ותזנה עליו), the Septuagint (Codex Alexandrinus) reads ὠργίσθη (“she was angry”). For some, then, the Masoretic Text reflects an error, whereby the scribe copied ותזנה (“she was unfaithful”) instead of ותזנח (“she rejected”). See, e.g., Daniel I. Block, Judges, Ruth, NAC 6 (Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1999), 523. Soggin points to the Akkadian cognate zenû, “to be angry,” as a potential alternative for the root, noting that “in no way” can this verse indicate that the woman betrayed him (Judges, 284). Still others consider a metaphorical reading of the Masoretic Text verb (see, e.g., Niditch, Judges: A Commentary, 191); in any case, what is most important is that the woman rejects the Levite ...
Sara J. Milstein, Tracking the Master Scribe: Revision Through Introduction in Biblical and Mesopotamian Literature (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), 195.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Judges 19:2 and LXX Judges 19:2

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