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1 From Jude, a slave of Jesus Christ and brother of James, to those who are called, wrapped in the love of God the Father and kept for Jesus Christ. 2 May mercy, peace, and love be lavished on you! 3 Dear friends, although I have been eager to write to you about our common salvation, I now feel compelled instead to write to encourage you to contend earnestly for the faith that was once for all entrusted to the saints. 4 For certain men have secretly slipped in among you—men who long ago were marked out for the condemnation I am about to describe—ungodly⁠ men who have turned the grace of our God into a license for evil and who deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ.⁠

Examples of Judgment

5 Now I desire to remind you (even though you have been fully informed of these facts once for all) that Jesus, having saved the people out of the land of Egypt, later destroyed those who did not believe. 6 You also know that the angels who did not keep within their proper domain but abandoned their own place of residence,⁠ he has kept in eternal chains in utter darkness, locked up for the judgment of the great Day.⁠ 7 So also Sodom and Gomorrah and the neighboring towns, since they indulged in sexual immorality and pursued unnatural desire in a way similar to these angels, are now displayed as an example by suffering the punishment of eternal fire.⁠ 8 Yet these men, as a result of their dreams, defile the flesh, reject authority, and insult the glorious ones. 9 But even when Michael the archangel was arguing with the devil and debating with him concerning Moses’⁠ body,⁠ he did not dare to bring a slanderous judgment, but said, “May the Lord rebuke you!”⁠ 10 But these men do not understand the things they slander, and they are being destroyed by the very things that, like irrational animals, they instinctively comprehend.⁠ 11 Woe to them! For they have traveled down Cain’s path, and because of greed have abandoned themselves to Balaam’s error;⁠ hence, they will certainly perish in Korah’s rebellion.⁠ 12 These men are dangerous reefs at your love feasts, feasting without reverence, feeding only themselves.⁠ They are waterless clouds, carried along by the winds;⁠ autumn trees without fruit—twice dead, uprooted;⁠ 13 wild sea waves, spewing out the foam of their shame;⁠ wayward stars for whom the utter depths of eternal darkness have been reserved.⁠ 14 Now Enoch, the seventh in descent beginning with Adam,⁠ even prophesied of them, saying,⁠ “Look! The Lord is coming with thousands and thousands of his holy ones,⁠ 15 to execute judgment on all, and to convict every person of all their thoroughly ungodly deeds that they have committed, and of all the harsh words that ungodly sinners have spoken against him.” 16 These people are grumblers and fault-finders who go wherever their desires lead them, and they give bombastic speeches, enchanting folks for their own gain.⁠

An Appeal to the Community

17 But you, dear friends—recall the predictions foretold by the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ. 18 For they said to you, “At the end of time there will come scoffers, propelled by their own ungodly desires.”⁠ 19 These people are divisive, worldly, devoid of the Spirit. 20 But you, dear friends, by building yourselves up in your most holy faith, by praying in the Holy Spirit, 21 maintain yourselves in the love of God while anticipating the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ that brings eternal life. 22 And have mercy on those who waver; 23 save others by snatching them out of the fire;⁠ have mercy on others, coupled with a fear of God, hating even the clothes stained by the flesh. 24 Now to the one who is able to keep you from falling, and to cause you to stand, rejoicing, without blemish before his glorious presence, 25 to the only God our Savior through Jesus Christ our Lord, be glory, majesty, power, and authority, before all time, and now, and for all eternity. Amen.

Texts in conversation

Compare Jude 1:9 and Petirat Moshe

New Testament · Rabbinic

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Summary

In Jude, Michael the archangel is described as arguing with the devil over Moses’ body. This follows a tradition similar to a Jewish midrash known as Petirat Moshe, where Moses’ death was so important that angels and demons became involved.

Passages

Jude 1:9

New Testament
8 Yet these men, as a result of their dreams, defile the flesh, reject authority, and insult the glorious ones. 9 But even when Michael the archangel was arguing with the devil and debating with him concerning Moses’ body, he did not dare to bring a slanderous judgment, but said, “May the Lord rebuke you!” 10 But these men do not understand the things they slander, and they are being destroyed by the very things that, like irrational animals, they instinctively comprehend.
60–80 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jude

Petirat Moshe

Rabbinic · Midrash
405 one hour had passed for him. A Heavenly Voice came out and said to him, "Moses, why are you troubling yourself 406 you have only two hours left to live." And Samael was head of the satans 407 and every moment he waited for Moses’ death. "When will the hour come 408 that I may descend to kill him and take his soul?" He was like a man who looks forward to a joyous occasion. 409 When Michael the guardian angel of Israel saw Samael looking forward to Moses’ death, 410 he cried aloud and wept. And Samael rejoiced and laughed and he said 411 to Samael, "I weep and you laugh?" And there are those who say that he said to him, 412 "’Rejoice not against me O mine enemy though I am fallen I shall arise’ ‘For I am fallen’ with Moses. ‘I shall arise’ again 413 with reign of Joshua into whose hand thirty-one kings have fallen 414 ‘Though I sit in darkness’ refers to the destruction of the first and second Temples. ‘The Lord is a light unto me’ refers to
700 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Petirat Moshe

References

"... If Moses was indeed reluctant to die, it occurred to some interpreters that there may have actually been a dispute between him and the angel dispatched to bring about his death (or to take charge of his soul after his death). Moses was, after all, no ordinary individual: he had spoken to God "face to face" (Deuteronomy 34:10), and God had even conferred the title of "God" upon him (see Chapter 17, "A Godlike Man"). How could even an angel tell such a person what to do? Elsewhere the Bible spoke of God "rebuking" Satan (Zechariah 3:2); would not Moses have similarly rebuked any angel sent to fetch his soul? ... This tradition may be related to another, in which Satan apparently disputed with the angel Michael at the time of Moses' death ..."
James L. Kugel, The Bible as It Was (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 539–540.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Jude 1:9 and Petirat Moshe

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