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1 From Jude, a slave of Jesus Christ and brother of James, to those who are called, wrapped in the love of God the Father and kept for Jesus Christ. 2 May mercy, peace, and love be lavished on you! 3 Dear friends, although I have been eager to write to you about our common salvation, I now feel compelled instead to write to encourage you to contend earnestly for the faith that was once for all entrusted to the saints. 4 For certain men have secretly slipped in among you—men who long ago were marked out for the condemnation I am about to describe—ungodly⁠ men who have turned the grace of our God into a license for evil and who deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ.⁠

Examples of Judgment

5 Now I desire to remind you (even though you have been fully informed of these facts once for all) that Jesus, having saved the people out of the land of Egypt, later destroyed those who did not believe. 6 You also know that the angels who did not keep within their proper domain but abandoned their own place of residence,⁠ he has kept in eternal chains in utter darkness, locked up for the judgment of the great Day.⁠ 7 So also Sodom and Gomorrah and the neighboring towns, since they indulged in sexual immorality and pursued unnatural desire in a way similar to these angels, are now displayed as an example by suffering the punishment of eternal fire.⁠ 8 Yet these men, as a result of their dreams, defile the flesh, reject authority, and insult the glorious ones. 9 But even when Michael the archangel was arguing with the devil and debating with him concerning Moses’⁠ body,⁠ he did not dare to bring a slanderous judgment, but said, “May the Lord rebuke you!”⁠ 10 But these men do not understand the things they slander, and they are being destroyed by the very things that, like irrational animals, they instinctively comprehend.⁠ 11 Woe to them! For they have traveled down Cain’s path, and because of greed have abandoned themselves to Balaam’s error;⁠ hence, they will certainly perish in Korah’s rebellion.⁠ 12 These men are dangerous reefs at your love feasts, feasting without reverence, feeding only themselves.⁠ They are waterless clouds, carried along by the winds;⁠ autumn trees without fruit—twice dead, uprooted;⁠ 13 wild sea waves, spewing out the foam of their shame;⁠ wayward stars for whom the utter depths of eternal darkness have been reserved.⁠ 14 Now Enoch, the seventh in descent beginning with Adam,⁠ even prophesied of them, saying,⁠ “Look! The Lord is coming with thousands and thousands of his holy ones,⁠ 15 to execute judgment on all, and to convict every person of all their thoroughly ungodly deeds that they have committed, and of all the harsh words that ungodly sinners have spoken against him.” 16 These people are grumblers and fault-finders who go wherever their desires lead them, and they give bombastic speeches, enchanting folks for their own gain.⁠

An Appeal to the Community

17 But you, dear friends—recall the predictions foretold by the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ. 18 For they said to you, “At the end of time there will come scoffers, propelled by their own ungodly desires.”⁠ 19 These people are divisive, worldly, devoid of the Spirit. 20 But you, dear friends, by building yourselves up in your most holy faith, by praying in the Holy Spirit, 21 maintain yourselves in the love of God while anticipating the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ that brings eternal life. 22 And have mercy on those who waver; 23 save others by snatching them out of the fire;⁠ have mercy on others, coupled with a fear of God, hating even the clothes stained by the flesh. 24 Now to the one who is able to keep you from falling, and to cause you to stand, rejoicing, without blemish before his glorious presence, 25 to the only God our Savior through Jesus Christ our Lord, be glory, majesty, power, and authority, before all time, and now, and for all eternity. Amen.

Texts in conversation

Leviathan and Behemoth in 1 Enoch 60 and Jude

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · New Testament

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Summary

Jude identifies Enoch as the seventh from Adam, interpreting the 1 Enoch figure as the same Enoch from Israel’s early history. This matches 1 Enoch’s own claim that its visions come from the patriarch, who is described as receiving hidden knowledge.
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Passages

1 Enoch 60:8

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
7 On that day, two great monsters were separated, a female monster named Leviathan, to dwell in the depths of the ocean over the springs of waters. 8 The male is named Behemoth, who with his chest occupies a desolate wilderness named Dûidâin, east of the garden where the chosen and righteous dwell, where my grandfather was taken up, the seventh from Adam, the first man whom the Lord of Spirits created. 9 I pleaded with the other angel to show me the power of these monsters, how they were separated on one day and thrown, one into the depths of the sea, and the other into the dry land of the wilderness.
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

Jude 1:14

New Testament
12 These men are dangerous reefs at your love feasts, feasting without reverence, feeding only themselves. They are waterless clouds, carried along by the winds; autumn trees without fruit—twice dead, uprooted; 13 wild sea waves, spewing out the foam of their shame; wayward stars for whom the utter depths of eternal darkness have been reserved. 14 Now Enoch, the seventh in descent beginning with Adam, even prophesied of them, saying, “Look! The Lord is coming with thousands and thousands of his holy ones, 15 to execute judgment on all, and to convict every person of all their thoroughly ungodly deeds that they have committed, and of all the harsh words that ungodly sinners have spoken against him.”
60–80 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jude

References

"... This Mesopotamian theological propaganda has importance for the present study. Babylonian scribal tradition held that the seventh antediluvian king, Enmeduranki, had received divine knowledge from the gods. Given the similarities between the Sumerian King List and the genealogies in Genesis 4–5, scholars have noted that the seventh patriarch in the period before the flood in the biblical material was Enoch (Genesis 5:23–24). Enoch was the seventh from Adam (Jude 14), the one who was taken from earth to the heavenly realm. This correspondence was one basis for the authority of Enoch in apocalyptic Jewish literature in the Second Temple period. Enoch, the seventh from Adam, had access to divine knowledge ..."
Michael S. Heiser, Demons: What the Bible Really Says about the Powers of Darkness (Bellingham, WA: Lexham, 2020), 103.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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  • Thank you! 💕😊

    Bernard, December 12, 2025

1 Enoch 60:8 and Jude 1:14

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