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Jubilees

About this book

The Birth and Rescue of Moses

Chapter 47

1 And in the seventh week, in the seventh year, in the forty-seventh jubilee [2303], your father went out from the land of Canaan, and you were born in the fourth week, in the sixth year of it, in the forty-eighth jubilee [2330]; this was the time of oppression of the children of Israel. 2 And Pharaoh, king of Egypt, issued a command regarding them that they should cast all their male children which were born into the river.⁠ 3 And they cast them in for seven months until the day that you were born. And your mother hid you for three months, and she was reported. 4 And she made an ark for you, and covered it with pitch and asphalt, and placed it in the reeds on the bank of the river, and she placed you in it seven days, and your mother came by night and nursed you, and by day Miriam, your sister, guarded you from the birds.⁠ 5 And in those days Tharmuth, the daughter of Pharaoh, came to bathe in the river, and she heard your voice crying, and she told her female attendants to bring you out, and they brought you to her. 6 And she took you out of the ark, and she had compassion on you. 7 And your sister said to her: 'Shall I go and call for you one of the Hebrew women to care for and breastfeed this baby for you?' 8 And she said to her: 'Go.' And she went and called your mother Jochebed, and she gave her wages, and she nursed you. 9 And afterwards, when you were grown up, they brought you to the daughter of Pharaoh, and you became her son, and Amram your father taught you writing,⁠ and after you had completed three weeks they brought you into the royal court. 10 And you were three weeks of years at court [2351-2372] until the time when you went out from the royal court and saw an Egyptian striking your friend who was of the children of Israel, and you killed him and hid him in the sand.

Moses Flees from Egypt

11 And on the second day you found two of the children of Israel fighting with one another, and you said to him who was doing the wrong: 'Why do you strike your brother?' 12 And he was angry and indignant, and said: 'Who made you a prince and a judge over us? Do you think to kill me as you killed the Egyptian yesterday?' And you feared and fled on account of these words.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 2:4 and Exagoge 18 and Jubilees 47:4

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry · Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions

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Summary

In Exodus, Moses' sister watches the infant Moses from a distance. In the Exagoge, a retelling of the Exodus as a Greek tragedy, and also in Jubilees, Miriam is given a much more active role in protecting Moses.

Passages

Exodus 2:4

Hebrew Bible
2 The woman became pregnant and gave birth to a son. When she saw that he was a good child8, she hid him for three months. 3 But when she was no longer able to hide him, she took a papyrus basket for him and sealed it with bitumen and pitch. She put the child in it and set it among the reeds along the edge of the Nile. 4 His sister stationed herself at a distance to find out what would happen to him. 5 Then the daughter of Pharaoh came down to wash herself by the Nile, while her attendants were walking alongside the river, and she saw the basket among the reeds. She sent one of her attendants, took it, 6 opened it, and saw the child—a boy, crying!—and she felt compassion for him and said, “This is one of the Hebrews’ children.”
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Exagoge 18

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry · Ezekiel the Tragedian
13 I have often heard my mother tell 14 how she hid me for three months at that time. 15 Then, afraid of being discovered, she wrapped me tightly 16 in rough cloth and secretly laid me 17 among the thick reeds along the riverbank. 18 My sister Miriam kept watch close by, 19 until Pharaoh's daughter came down with her maids 20 to bathe in the cool river. 21 She saw the baby and immediately picked it up, 22 and recognized that it was a Hebrew child. Then my sister 23 ran up and said to the princess, 24 "Shall I find a nurse for this fine child, 25 a Hebrew woman?" The princess told her to hurry, 26 and she quickly told her mother, 27 who came at once and took me in her arms.
200–101 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Exagoge

Jubilees 47:4

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
3 And they cast them in for seven months until the day that you were born. And your mother hid you for three months, and she was reported. 4 And she made an ark for you, and covered it with pitch and asphalt, and placed it in the reeds on the bank of the river, and she placed you in it seven days, and your mother came by night and nursed you, and by day Miriam, your sister, guarded you from the birds. 5 And in those days Tharmuth, the daughter of Pharaoh, came to bathe in the river, and she heard your voice crying, and she told her female attendants to bring you out, and they brought you to her.
170–125 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jubilees

References

“... Another interesting element is the omission of the basket in which Moses is deposited (Exod 2,3) in Philo and Ezekiel. Because of the elimination of this element, neither of them can accept the version of the story according to which Moses was deposited in waters of the river, but they have to leave the baby on the river banks, in a well protected space (Exag. 17; Mos. 1,10). Philo seems to share Ezekiel's preoccupation in wanting to show that Moses' mother has done her utmost best to ward off any possible danger and to save her son. The indication of the position of Miriam has to be interpreted in the same way: according to Exodus, Moses' sister observes the scene from far away (Exod 2,4), but in Ezekiel and Philo she was nearby (Exag. 18; Mos. 1,12). The Book of Jubilees shows the same preoccupation with the safety of Moses, when affirming: "Your mother would come at night and nurse you, and during the day your sister Miriam would protect you from the birds" (47.7; trans. VanderKam). ...”
Pierluigi Lanfranchi, “Reminiscences of Ezekiel's Exagoge in Philo's De vita Mosis,” in Moses in Biblical and Extra-Biblical Traditions, ed. Axel Graupner and Michael Wolter (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2007), 147–148.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 2:4 and Exagoge 18 and Jubilees 47:4

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