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About this book

Jubilees

About this book

Israel’s Life in Egypt

Chapter 46

1 And after Jacob died the children of Israel multiplied in the land of Egypt, and they became a great nation, and they were united in heart, so that brother loved brother and every man helped his brother, and they increased abundantly and multiplied greatly, ten weeks of years, all the days of the life of Joseph [2242]. 2 And there was no Satan nor any evil all the days of the life of Joseph which he lived after his father Jacob, for all the Egyptians honored the children of Israel all the days of the life of Joseph. 3 And Joseph died being a hundred and ten years old; seventeen years he lived in the land of Canaan, and ten years he was a servant, and three years in prison, and eighty years he was under the king, ruling all the land of Egypt. 4 And he died and all his brothers and all that generation. 5 And he commanded the children of Israel before he died that they should carry his bones with them when they went out from the land of Egypt.⁠ 6 And he made them swear regarding his bones, for he knew that the Egyptians would not again bring out and bury him in the land of Canaan, for Makamaron, king of Canaan, while dwelling in the land of Assyria, fought in the valley with the king of Egypt and killed him there,⁠ and pursued the Egyptians to the gates of 'Ermon. 7 But he was not able to enter, for another, a new king, had become king of Egypt, and he was stronger than he, and he returned to the land of Canaan, and the gates of Egypt were closed, and none went out and none came into Egypt. 8 And Joseph died in the forty-sixth jubilee, in the sixth week, in the second year [2242], and they buried him in the land of Egypt, and all his brothers died after him. 9 And the king of Egypt went out to war with the king of Canaan in the forty-seventh jubilee, in the second week in the second year [2263], and the children of Israel brought out all the bones of the children of Jacob except the bones of Joseph, and they buried them in the field in the double cave in the mountain.⁠ 10 And most (of them) returned to Egypt, but a few of them remained in the mountains of Hebron, and Amram your father remained with them.⁠ 11 And the king of Canaan was victorious over the king of Egypt, and he closed the gates of Egypt.

The Beginning of Egyptian Oppression

12 And he devised an evil plan to oppress the children of Israel and he said to the people of Egypt: 13 'Look, the people of the children of Israel have increased and multiplied more than we. Come and let us deal wisely with them before they become too many, and let us afflict them with slavery before war comes upon us and before they too fight against us; else they will join themselves to our enemies and go up out of our land, for their hearts and faces are toward the land of Canaan.' 14 And he set over them taskmasters to afflict them with slavery; and they built strong cities for Pharaoh, Pithom, and Raamses and they built all the walls and all the fortifications which had fallen in the cities of Egypt. 15 And they made them work harshly, and the more they mistreated them, the more they increased and multiplied. 16 And the people of Egypt detested the children of Israel

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 13:19 and Jubilees 46:5

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions

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Summary

Exodus says Moses carried Joseph’s bones out of Egypt because Joseph had bound Israel by oath to do it. Jubilees gives a reason for the long wait, explaining that a war had closed the border so his body could not reach Canaan when he died.

Passages

Exodus 13:19

Hebrew Bible
18 So God brought the people around by the way of the wilderness to the Red Sea, and the Israelites went up from the land of Egypt prepared for battle. 19 Moses took the bones of Joseph with him, for Joseph had made the Israelites solemnly swear, “God will surely attend to you, and you will carry my bones up from this place with you.” 20 They journeyed from Sukkoth and camped in Etham, on the edge of the desert.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Jubilees 46:5

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
5 And he commanded the children of Israel before he died that they should carry his bones with them when they went out from the land of Egypt. 6 And he made them swear regarding his bones, for he knew that the Egyptians would not again bring out and bury him in the land of Canaan, for Makamaron, king of Canaan, while dwelling in the land of Assyria, fought in the valley with the king of Egypt and killed him there, and pursued the Egyptians to the gates of 'Ermon. 7 But he was not able to enter, for another, a new king, had become king of Egypt, and he was stronger than he, and he returned to the land of Canaan, and the gates of Egypt were closed, and none went out and none came into Egypt.
170–125 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jubilees

References

... The author of Jubilees integrates Genesis 50:24-25 in his rewriting to solve a problem. The biblical text does not make clear why Joseph did not ask for his bones to be taken to Canaan right away, as was the case with the bones of Jacob (Genesis 49:29-33; 50:1-14). The author of Jubilees suggests an answer to this question. A war had caused the border between Egypt and Canaan to be closed. That is why his bones could not be transported immediately to Canaan. Therefore, Joseph asked his brothers to make sure that he would be buried in Canaan. Genesis 50:24-25 refers forward to the exodus out of Egypt. In the biblical text, Joseph's request is executed by Moses during the exodus from Egypt (Exodus 13:19; compare Joshua 24:32). ...
Jacques T.A.G.M. van Ruiten, “Between Jacob's Death and Moses' Birth: The Intertextual Relationship between Genesis 50:15–Exodus 1:14 and Jubilees 46:1–16,” in Flores Florentino: Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Early Jewish Studies in Honour of Florentino García Martínez, ed. Anthony Hilhorst, Emile Puech, and Eibert J.C. Tigchelaar, JSJSup 122 (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 479.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 13:19 and Jubilees 46:5

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