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Jubilees

About this book

Israel’s Life in Egypt

Chapter 46

1 And after Jacob died the children of Israel multiplied in the land of Egypt, and they became a great nation, and they were united in heart, so that brother loved brother and every man helped his brother, and they increased abundantly and multiplied greatly, ten weeks of years, all the days of the life of Joseph [2242]. 2 And there was no Satan nor any evil all the days of the life of Joseph which he lived after his father Jacob, for all the Egyptians honored the children of Israel all the days of the life of Joseph. 3 And Joseph died being a hundred and ten years old; seventeen years he lived in the land of Canaan, and ten years he was a servant, and three years in prison, and eighty years he was under the king, ruling all the land of Egypt. 4 And he died and all his brothers and all that generation. 5 And he commanded the children of Israel before he died that they should carry his bones with them when they went out from the land of Egypt.⁠ 6 And he made them swear regarding his bones, for he knew that the Egyptians would not again bring out and bury him in the land of Canaan, for Makamaron, king of Canaan, while dwelling in the land of Assyria, fought in the valley with the king of Egypt and killed him there,⁠ and pursued the Egyptians to the gates of 'Ermon. 7 But he was not able to enter, for another, a new king, had become king of Egypt, and he was stronger than he, and he returned to the land of Canaan, and the gates of Egypt were closed, and none went out and none came into Egypt. 8 And Joseph died in the forty-sixth jubilee, in the sixth week, in the second year [2242], and they buried him in the land of Egypt, and all his brothers died after him. 9 And the king of Egypt went out to war with the king of Canaan in the forty-seventh jubilee, in the second week in the second year [2263], and the children of Israel brought out all the bones of the children of Jacob except the bones of Joseph, and they buried them in the field in the double cave in the mountain.⁠ 10 And most (of them) returned to Egypt, but a few of them remained in the mountains of Hebron, and Amram your father remained with them.⁠ 11 And the king of Canaan was victorious over the king of Egypt, and he closed the gates of Egypt.

The Beginning of Egyptian Oppression

12 And he devised an evil plan to oppress the children of Israel and he said to the people of Egypt: 13 'Look, the people of the children of Israel have increased and multiplied more than we. Come and let us deal wisely with them before they become too many, and let us afflict them with slavery before war comes upon us and before they too fight against us; else they will join themselves to our enemies and go up out of our land, for their hearts and faces are toward the land of Canaan.' 14 And he set over them taskmasters to afflict them with slavery; and they built strong cities for Pharaoh, Pithom, and Raamses and they built all the walls and all the fortifications which had fallen in the cities of Egypt. 15 And they made them work harshly, and the more they mistreated them, the more they increased and multiplied. 16 And the people of Egypt detested the children of Israel

Texts in conversation

Compare Jubilees 46:10 and 4Q544 1 4

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions · Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Retellings

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Summary

Jubilees notes in passing that Egypt’s gates closed and Amram stayed behind at Hebron. The Dead Sea Scroll known as the Visions of Amram tells this from Amram’s perspective, adding that the closed border kept him from his wife for forty-one years.

Passages

Jubilees 46:10

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
9 And the king of Egypt went out to war with the king of Canaan in the forty-seventh jubilee, in the second week in the second year [2263], and the children of Israel brought out all the bones of the children of Jacob except the bones of Joseph, and they buried them in the field in the double cave in the mountain. 10 And most (of them) returned to Egypt, but a few of them remained in the mountains of Hebron, and Amram your father remained with them. 11 And the king of Canaan was victorious over the king of Egypt, and he closed the gates of Egypt.
170–125 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jubilees

4Q544 1 4

Dead Sea Scrolls, Biblical Retellings · Visions of Amram
3 quickly, but they had not built the tombs of their fathers. [And my father Qahat and my wife Jochebed left me to stay and to build and to take for them all that they needed from the land of Canaan. And we dwelt in Hebron] 4 while we were building. And there was war between [Philistia and Egypt, and Philistia and Canaan were prevailing over Egypt …] 5 And they closed the [borders of] Egypt, and it was not possible [for my wife Jochebed to come from Egypt to Canaan …] 6 for forty-one years. And we were not able to [return to Egypt … therefore not … the war] 7 between Egypt and Canaan and Philistia. And [during] all this, [Jochebed] my wife [was far from me in the land of Egypt … my charge … who with me]
160–60 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4Q544

References

... In this fragmentarily preserved text, we can read that Amram went together with his father Qahat from Egypt to Canaan "to stay and to dwell and to build" the tombs for the burial of their fathers. The reconstructed part of line 1 adds that Amram also went together with the sons of his uncle (compare 4Q545 1a-b 14). This work was interrupted by a rumor of war (thus the reconstructed part of line 2; compare 4Q545 1a-b ii 16: "rumor of war"). It is possible that Amram went back to Egypt together with the others after these rumors (4Q544 1 3: "quickly, and they did not build the tombs of their fathers"), but this is not completely certain. It is also possible that he did not go back to Egypt with the others. After a while, Amram received permission from his father to remain or to go back to Canaan (the reconstructed text of line 3 "And my father Qahat let me go" is taken from 4Q546 2 3) to finish the work ("until we build"). When he was there, war broke out between Philistea, Canaan, and Egypt, and because of this war the borders were closed (line 5) for forty-one years (line 6), during which ...
Jacques T.A.G.M. van Ruiten, “Between Jacob's Death and Moses' Birth: The Intertextual Relationship between Genesis 50:15–Exodus 1:14 and Jubilees 46:1–16,” in Flores Florentino: Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Early Jewish Studies in Honour of Florentino García Martínez, ed. Anthony Hilhorst, Emile Puech, and Eibert J.C. Tigchelaar, JSJSup 122 (Leiden: Brill, 2007), 483.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Jubilees 46:10 and 4Q544 1 4

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