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Jubilees

About this book

The War between Jacob and Esau

Chapter 38

1 And after that Judah spoke to Jacob, his father, and said to him: 'Bend your bow, father, and shoot your arrow and cast down the adversary and kill the enemy; and may you have the power, for we shall not kill your brother, for he is your brother, and in our eyes he is like you in honor.' 2 Then Jacob bent his bow and shot the arrow and struck Esau, his brother (on his right breast) and killed him. 3 And again he shot an arrow and struck 'Adoran the Aramaean, on the left breast, and drove him backward and killed him. 4 And then the sons of Jacob went out, they and their servants, dividing themselves into groups on the four sides of the tower. 5 And Judah went out in front, and Naphtali and Gad with him and fifty servants with him on the south side of the tower, and they killed all they found before them, and not one individual of them escaped. 6 And Levi and Dan and Asher went out on the east side of the tower, and fifty (men) with them, and they killed the fighting men of Moab and Ammon. 7 And Reuben and Issachar and Zebulun went out on the north side of the tower, and fifty men with them, and they killed the fighting men of the Philistines. 8 And Simeon and Benjamin and Enoch, Reuben's son, went out on the west side of the tower, and fifty (men) with them, and they killed of Edom and of the Horites four hundred men, strong warriors; and six hundred fled, and four of the sons of Esau fled with them, and left their father lying dead, as he had fallen on the hill which is in 'Aduram. 9 And the sons of Jacob pursued them to the mountains of Seir. And Jacob buried his brother on the hill which is in 'Aduram, and he returned to his house. 10 And the sons of Jacob pressed hard upon the sons of Esau in the mountains of Seir, and bowed their necks so that they became servants of the sons of Jacob. 11 And they sent to their father (to inquire) whether they should make peace with them or kill them. 12 And Jacob sent word to his sons that they should make peace, and they made peace with them, and placed the yoke of servitude upon them, so that they paid tribute to Jacob and to his sons always. 13 And they continued to pay tribute to Jacob until the day that he went down into Egypt. 14 And the sons of Edom have not got free of the yoke of servitude which the twelve sons of Jacob had imposed on them to this day.

The Kings of Edom

15 And these are the kings that reigned in Edom⁠ before any king reigned over the children of Israel [until this day] in the land of Edom. 16 And Balaq, the son of Beor, reigned in Edom, and the name of his city was Danaba. 17 And Balaq died, and Jobab, the son of Zara of Boser, reigned in his place. 18 And Jobab died, and 'Asam, of the land of Teman, reigned in his place. 19 And 'Asam died, and 'Adath, the son of Barad, who struck down Midian in the field of Moab, reigned in his place, and the name of his city was Avith. 20 And 'Adath died, and Salman, from 'Amaseqa, reigned in his place. 21 And Salman died, and Saul of Ra'aboth (by the) river, reigned in his place. 22 And Saul died, and Ba'elunan, the son of Achbor, reigned in his place. 23 And Ba'elunan, the son of Achbor died, and 'Adath reigned in his place, and the name of his wife was Maitabith, the daughter of Matarat, the daughter of Metabedza'ab. 24 These are the kings who reigned in the land of Edom.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 36:31 and Jubilees 38:15

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions

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Summary

Genesis 36 lists eight kings who ruled in Edom before Israel had a king. Jubilees repeats the list almost identically but places it right after Jacob kills Esau and conquers Edom, highlighting that no son of Esau ever became king.

Passages

Genesis 36:31

Hebrew Bible
31 These were the kings who reigned in the land of Edom before any king ruled over the Israelites: 32 Bela the son of Beor reigned in Edom; the name of his city was Dinhabah. 33 When Bela died, Jobab the son of Zerah from Bozrah reigned in his place. 34 When Jobab died, Husham from the land of the Temanites reigned in his place. 35 When Husham died, Hadad the son of Bedad, who defeated the Midianites in the land of Moab, reigned in his place; the name of his city was Avith. 36 When Hadad died, Samlah from Masrekah reigned in his place. 37 When Samlah died, Shaul from Rehoboth on the River reigned in his place. 38 When Shaul died, Baal Hanan the son of Achbor reigned in his place. 39 When Baal Hanan the son of Achbor died, Hadad reigned in his place; the name of his city was Pau. His wife’s name was Mehetabel, the daughter of Matred, the daughter of Me-Zahab.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Jubilees 38:15

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
15 And these are the kings that reigned in Edom before any king reigned over the children of Israel [until this day] in the land of Edom. 16 And Balaq, the son of Beor, reigned in Edom, and the name of his city was Danaba. 17 And Balaq died, and Jobab, the son of Zara of Boser, reigned in his place. 18 And Jobab died, and 'Asam, of the land of Teman, reigned in his place. 19 And 'Asam died, and 'Adath, the son of Barad, who struck down Midian in the field of Moab, reigned in his place, and the name of his city was Avith. 20 And 'Adath died, and Salman, from 'Amaseqa, reigned in his place. 21 And Salman died, and Saul of Ra'aboth (by the) river, reigned in his place. 22 And Saul died, and Ba'elunan, the son of Achbor, reigned in his place. 23 And Ba'elunan, the son of Achbor died, and 'Adath reigned in his place, and the name of his wife was Maitabith, the daughter of Matarat, the daughter of Metabedza'ab. 24 These are the kings who reigned in the land of Edom.
170–125 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jubilees

References

... Jubilees reproduces Genesis 36:31-39 word for word, apart from three differences. First, in Jubilees 38:15 the writer gives the text of Genesis 36:31 (and 1 Chronicles 1:43), but at the end he adds: ‘until today in the land of Edom’ (the extra phrase is supported by both the Ethiopic and the Latin versions of Jubilees). Second, in 38:23 (Genesis 36:39 // 1 Chronicles 1:50) Jubilees lacks ‘the name of his city being Pau.’ And third, Jubilees, unlike Genesis, adds to the end of the section (verse 24) a summary statement ‘These are the kings who ruled in the land of Edom’—a line repeated from the beginning of the list (Jubilees 38:15 // Genesis 36:31a). ...
James C. VanderKam, Jubilees 2: A Commentary on the Book of Jubilees Chapters 22-50 (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2018), 1001–1002.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 36:31 and Jubilees 38:15

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