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About this book

Jubilees

About this book

Adam and Eve

Chapter 3

1 And on the six days of the second week we brought, according to the word of God, to Adam all the wild animals, and all the cattle, and all the birds, and everything that moves on the earth,⁠ and everything that moves in the water, according to their kinds, and according to their types: the wild animals on the first day; the cattle on the second day; the birds on the third day; and all that which moves on the earth on the fourth day; and that which moves in the water on the fifth day. 2 And Adam named them all by their individual names, and as he called them, so was their name. 3 And on these five days Adam saw all these, male and female, according to every kind that was on the earth, but he was alone and found no helper for himself. 4 And the Lord said to us: 'It is not good that the man should be alone: let us make a helper for him.' 5 And the Lord our God caused a deep sleep to fall upon him, and he slept, and He took for the woman one rib from among his ribs, and this rib was the origin of the woman from among his ribs, and He built up the flesh in its place, and built the woman. 6 And He woke Adam out of his sleep and when he woke up he got up on the sixth day, and He brought her to him, and he knew her, and said to her: 'This is now bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called [my] wife; because she was taken from her husband.' 7 Therefore man and wife shall be one and therefore a man shall leave his father and his mother, and cling to his wife, and they shall be one flesh.

Childbirth and Purity

8 In the first week Adam was created, and the rib — his wife: in the second week He showed her to him: and for this reason the commandment was given to keep in their defilement, for a male seven days, and for a female twice seven days.⁠ 9 And after Adam had completed forty days in the land where he had been created, we brought him into the garden of Eden to cultivate and care for it,⁠ but they brought his wife in on the eightieth day, and after this she entered into the garden of Eden. 10 And for this reason the commandment is written on the heavenly tablets concerning a woman who gives birth: 'if she bears a male, she shall remain in her impurity seven days according to the first week of days, and she shall remain thirty-three days in the blood of her purifying, and she shall not touch any holy thing, nor enter into the sanctuary, until she completes these days which (are required) in the case of a male child. 11 But in the case of a female child she shall remain in her impurity two weeks of days, according to the first two weeks, and sixty-six days in the blood of her purification, and they will be in all eighty days.' 12 And when she had completed these eighty days we brought her into the garden of Eden, for it is holier than all the earth besides and every tree that is planted in it is holy. 13 Therefore, the following rule was established for a woman who bears a male or a female child during those days: she should touch no holy thing, nor enter into the sanctuary until these days for the male or female child are completed. 14 This is the commandment and testimony which was written down for Israel, in order that they should observe (it) all the days. 15 And in the first week of the first jubilee, [1-7] Adam and his wife were in the garden of Eden for seven years cultivating and caring for it, and we gave him work and we instructed him to do everything that is needed to cultivate the ground. 16 And he cultivated (the garden), and was naked and did not know it, and was not ashamed, and he protected the garden from the birds and wild animals and cattle, and gathered its fruit, and ate, and put aside the rest for himself and for his wife [and put aside that which was being kept].

Sin and Expulsion from Eden

17 And after the completion of the seven years, which he had completed there, seven years exactly [8], and in the second month, on the seventeenth day⁠ (of the month), the serpent came and approached the woman, and the serpent said to the woman, 'Has God commanded you, saying, You shall not eat of every tree of the garden?' 18 And she said to it, 'Of all the fruit of the trees of the garden God has said to us, Eat; but of the fruit of the tree which is in the middle of the garden God has said to us, You shall not eat of it, neither shall you touch it, so that you do not die.' 19 And the serpent said to the woman, 'You shall not surely die: for God knows that on the day you shall eat of it, your eyes will be opened, and you will be as gods, and you will know good and evil. 20 And the woman saw the tree that it was attractive and pleasant to look at, and that its fruit was good for food,⁠ and she took of it and ate. 21 And when she had first covered her shame with fig leaves, she gave of it to Adam and he ate, and his eyes were opened, and he saw that he was naked. 22 And he took fig leaves and sewed (them) together, and made an apron for himself, and covered his shame. 23 And God cursed the serpent, and was angry with it forever. And He was angry with the woman, because she listened to the voice of the serpent, and ate; 24 and He said to her: 'I will greatly multiply your sorrow and your pains: in sorrow you shall give birth to children, and your return shall be to your husband, and he will rule over you.'⁠ 25 And to Adam also he said, 'Because you have listened to the voice of your wife, and have eaten of the tree of which I commanded you that you should not eat of it, the ground is cursed because of you: thorns and thistles it shall produce for you, and you shall eat your bread by the sweat of your face, until you return to the earth from where you were taken; for you are earth, and you shall return to earth.' 26 And He made for them clothes made from skins, and clothed them, and sent them out from the Garden of Eden. 27 And on that day on which Adam went out from the Garden, he offered as a pleasing aroma an offering, frankincense, galbanum, and stacte, and spices in the morning with the rising of the sun from the day when he covered his shame. 28 And on that day the mouth of all wild animals, and of cattle, and of birds, and of whatever walks, and of whatever moves, was closed, so that they could no longer speak: for they had all spoken to one another with one language and one tongue.⁠ 29 And He sent out of the Garden of Eden all flesh that was in the Garden of Eden, and all flesh was scattered according to its kinds, and according to its types to the places which had been created for them. 30 And to Adam alone He gave (the means) to cover his shame, of all the wild animals and cattle.⁠ 31 For this reason, it is prescribed on the heavenly tablets regarding all those who know the judgment of the Torah,⁠ that they should cover their shame, and should not uncover themselves as the nations uncover themselves. 32 And on the new moon of the fourth month, Adam and his wife went out from the Garden of Eden, and they lived in the land of Elda in the land of their creation. 33 And Adam named his wife Eve. 34 And they had no son until the first jubilee, [8] and after this he knew her. 35 Now he cultivated the land as he had been instructed in the Garden of Eden.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 2:18 and Jubilees 3:1

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions

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Summary

Genesis says the animals were created after God saw the man was alone, suggesting they could be possible companions before the woman was created. Jubilees moves their creation earlier to remove any hint that the animals could have been his partners.

Passages

Genesis 2:18

Hebrew Bible
18 The Lord God said, “It is not good for the man to be alone. I will make a companion for him who corresponds to him.” 19 The Lord God formed out of the ground every living animal of the field and every bird of the air. He brought them to the man to see what he would name them, and whatever the man called each living creature, that was its name. 20 So the man named all the animals, the birds of the air, and the living creatures of the field, but for Adam no companion who corresponded to him was found.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Jubilees 3:1

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
1 And on the six days of the second week we brought, according to the word of God, to Adam all the wild animals, and all the cattle, and all the birds, and everything that moves on the earth, and everything that moves in the water, according to their kinds, and according to their types: the wild animals on the first day; the cattle on the second day; the birds on the third day; and all that which moves on the earth on the fourth day; and that which moves in the water on the fifth day. 2 And Adam named them all by their individual names, and as he called them, so was their name. 3 And on these five days Adam saw all these, male and female, according to every kind that was on the earth, but he was alone and found no helper for himself. 4 And the Lord said to us: 'It is not good that the man should be alone: let us make a helper for him.' 5 And the Lord our God caused a deep sleep to fall upon him, and he slept, and He took for the woman one rib from among his ribs, and this rib was the origin of the woman from among his ribs, and He built up the flesh in its place, and built the woman.
170–125 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jubilees

References

"... In Genesis 2:18, God says, “It is not good for man to be alone; I will make a fitting helper for him.” God then created “all the wild beasts and the birds of the sky and brought them to the man to see what he would call them … but for Adam, no fitting helper was found.” This narrative scandalized the author of Jubilees, since it seemed to imply that God had first sought a mate for Adam from the animal kingdom and, only after seeing that Adam did not call any of the animals “my wife” or “woman” or something similar, decided to create a mate for Adam from his own “rib” or “side.” How could such a narrative square with the Torah’s own prohibition of bestiality (Exodus 22:18, Deuteronomy 27:21), not to speak of Jubilees’ repeated warnings against “all impurity and fornication”? The author therefore changed the order of things ..."
James L. Kugel, A Walk through Jubilees: Studies in the Book of Jubilees and the World of Its Creation (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 37.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 2:18 and Jubilees 3:1

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