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Jubilees

About this book

Abraham’s Last Festival

Chapter 22

1 And in the first week in the forty-third jubilee, in the second year, that is, the year in which Abraham died, Isaac and Ishmael came from the Well of the Oath to celebrate the feast of weeks — that is, the feast of the first fruits of the harvest — to Abraham, their father, and Abraham rejoiced because his two sons had come. 2 For Isaac had many possessions in Beersheba, and Isaac used to go and see his possessions and to return to his father. 3 And in those days Ishmael came to see his father, and they both came together, and Isaac offered a sacrifice for a burnt offering, and presented it on the altar of his father which he had made in Hebron. 4 And he offered a thank offering and made a feast of joy before Ishmael, his brother: and Rebekah made new cakes from the new grain, and gave them to Jacob, her son, to take them to Abraham, his father, from the first fruits of the land, so that he might eat and bless the Creator of all things before he died. 5 And Isaac, too, sent to Abraham through Jacob an excellent thank offering, so that he might eat and drink. 6 And he ate and drank, and blessed the Most High God, Who has created heaven and earth, Who has made all the fat things of the earth, And given them to the human beings So that they might eat and drink and bless their Creator. 7 'And now I give thanks to You, my God, because You have caused me to see this day: look, I am one hundred and seventy-five years, an old man and having lived a full life, and all my days have been peace to me. 8 The sword of the adversary has not overcome me in all that You have given me and my children all the days of my life until this day. 9 My God, may Your mercy and Your peace be upon Your servant, and upon the descendants of his sons, so that they may be to You a chosen nation and an inheritance from among all the nations of the earth from now on to all the days of the generations of the earth, to all the ages.'⁠ 10 And he called Jacob and said: 'My son Jacob, may the God of all bless you and strengthen you to do righteousness, and His will before Him, and may He choose you and your descendants so that you may become a people for His inheritance according to His will always. And you, my son, Jacob, come close and kiss me.' 11 And he came close and kissed him, and he said: 'Blessed be my son Jacob And all the sons of God Most High, to all the ages: May God give to you righteous descendants; And may He sanctify some of your sons in the midst of the whole earth; May nations serve you, And all the nations bow themselves before your descendants. 12 Be strong in the presence of men, And exercise authority over all the descendants of Seth. Then your ways and the ways of your sons will be justified, So that they shall become a holy nation. 13 May the Most High God give you all the blessings With which He has blessed me And with which He blessed Noah and Adam; May they rest on the sacred head of your descendants from generation to generation forever. 14 And may He cleanse you from all unrighteousness and impurity, That you may be forgiven all the transgressions which you have committed ignorantly. And may He strengthen you, And bless you. And may you inherit the whole earth, 15 And may He renew His covenant with you. That you may be to Him a nation for His inheritance for all the ages, And that He may be to you and to your descendants a God in truth and righteousness throughout all the days of the earth.

Abraham’s Commands to Jacob

16 And you, my son Jacob, remember my words, And observe the commandments of Abraham, your father: Separate yourself from the nations, And do not eat with them: And do not act according to their works, And do not become their associate; For their works are unclean, And all their ways are a Pollution and an abomination and impurity.⁠ 17 They offer their sacrifices to the dead And they worship evil spirits, And they eat over the graves, And all their works are worthless and empty. 18 They have no mind to understand And their eyes do not see what their works are, And how they err in saying to a piece of wood: 'You are my God,' And to a stone: 'You are my Lord and you are the one who rescues me.' [And they have no understanding.] 19 And as for you, my son Jacob, May the Most High God help you And the God of heaven bless you And remove you from their impurity and from all their error. 20 Beware, my son Jacob, of taking a wife from any descendants of the daughters of Canaan; For all his descendants are to be rooted out of the earth. 21 For, because of the transgression of Ham, Canaan erred, And all his descendants shall be destroyed from off the earth and all who remain of them, And none descended from him shall be saved on the day of judgment. 22 And as for all the worshippers of idols and the profane There shall be no hope for them in the land of the living; And there shall be no remembrance of them on the earth; For they shall descend into Sheol, And they shall go into the place of condemnation, As the children of Sodom were taken away from the earth So all those who worship idols will be destroyed. 23 Do not fear, my son Jacob, And do not be dismayed, son of Abraham: May the Most High God preserve you from destruction, And may he rescue you from all the paths of error. 24 I have built this house for myself so that I might put my name upon it in the earth: [it is given to you and to your descendants forever], and it will be named the house of Abraham; it is given to you and to your descendants forever; for you will build my house and establish my name before God forever: your descendants and your name will stand throughout all generations of the earth.' 25 And he ceased commanding him and blessing him. 26 And the two lay together on one bed, and Jacob slept against the chest of his grandfather Abraham and he kissed him seven times, and his affection and his heart rejoiced over him. 27 And he blessed him with all his heart and said: 'The Most High God, the God of all, and Creator of all, who brought me out from Ur of the Chaldeans so that He might give me this land to inherit it forever, and so that I might establish holy descendants — blessed be the Most High forever.' 28 And he blessed Jacob and said: 'My son, over whom with all my heart and my affection I rejoice, may Your grace and Your mercy extend over him and upon his descendants always. 29 And do not abandon him, nor count him as nothing from now on to the days of eternity, and may Your eyes be opened upon him and upon his descendants, so that You may preserve him, and bless him, and may sanctify him as a nation for Your inheritance; 30 And bless him with all Your blessings from now on to all the days of eternity, and renew Your covenant and Your grace with him and with his descendants according to all Your good pleasure to all the generations of the earth.'

Texts in conversation

Compare Jubilees 22:16 and Galatians 2:12

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions · New Testament

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Summary

Galatians describes an early dispute about whether Jewish believers could share meals with Gentiles. Some opposed this, following traditions that banned eating with Gentiles, based on interpretations of the Hebrew Bible and later texts like Jubilees.

Passages

Jubilees 22:16

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
13 May the Most High God give you all the blessings With which He has blessed me And with which He blessed Noah and Adam; May they rest on the sacred head of your descendants from generation to generation forever. 14 And may He cleanse you from all unrighteousness and impurity, That you may be forgiven all the transgressions which you have committed ignorantly. And may He strengthen you, And bless you. And may you inherit the whole earth, 15 And may He renew His covenant with you. That you may be to Him a nation for His inheritance for all the ages, And that He may be to you and to your descendants a God in truth and righteousness throughout all the days of the earth. 16 And you, my son Jacob, remember my words, And observe the commandments of Abraham, your father: Separate yourself from the nations, And do not eat with them: And do not act according to their works, And do not become their associate; For their works are unclean, And all their ways are a Pollution and an abomination and impurity. 17 They offer their sacrifices to the dead And they worship evil spirits, And they eat over the graves, And all their works are worthless and empty. 18 They have no mind to understand And their eyes do not see what their works are, And how they err in saying to a piece of wood: 'You are my God,' And to a stone: 'You are my Lord and you are the one who rescues me.' [And they have no understanding.]
170–125 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jubilees

Galatians 2:12

New Testament
11 But when Cephas came to Antioch, I opposed him to his face, because he had clearly done wrong. 12 Until certain people came from James, he had been eating with the Gentiles. But when they arrived, he stopped doing this and separated himself because he was afraid of those who were pro-circumcision. 13 And the rest of the Jews also joined with him in this hypocrisy, so that even Barnabas was led astray with them by their hypocrisy. 14 But when I saw that they were not behaving consistently with the truth of the gospel, I said to Cephas in front of them all, “If you, although you are a Jew, live like a Gentile and not like a Jew, how can you try to force the Gentiles to live like Jews?”
48–55 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Galatians

References

"... The significance attaching meals in the ancient world in general, as among Jews in particular, made sharing a meal the most intimate form of association between people other than sexual relations.'" This is why Jubilees, which so strongly opposes intermarriage, also says ... This makes clear that the reason sharing meals is forbidden is because the Torah requires "separation" from the Gentiles and from their corrupting influence (Leviticus 20:22-26; compare Nehemiah 9:2; 10:28). This general concern is not, as we have seen, by any means limited to Jubilees. As others have documented, sharing a meal with Gentiles, especially if provided by Gentiles in their own home, entailed serious risks of ipso facto committing idolatry: the meat might well have been sacrificed to idols in the pagan temple, the wine would have been put to idolatrous use by pouring a libation from it, and oil could also be tainted with idolatry." It is these dangers, as well as forbidden animals and blood, that the literary examples of Daniel (Daniel 1:3-17), Judith (Judith 12:1-4, 19) and Esther (Esther 14:17) avoid by not taking pagan meat and wine ..."
Richard Bauckham in The Missions of James, Peter, and Paul: Tensions in Early Christianity, ed. Bruce Chilton and Craig Evans, NovTSup 115 (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 91–142.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Jubilees 22:16 and Galatians 2:12

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