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Jubilees

About this book

Abraham Instructs His Descendants

Chapter 20

1 And in the forty-second jubilee, in the first year of the seventh week [2052], Abraham called Ishmael, and his twelve sons, and Isaac and his two sons, and the six sons of Keturah, and their sons. 2 And he commanded them that they should observe the way of the Lord; that they should act righteously,⁠ and each love his neighbor, and act in this way among all men;⁠ that they should each behave toward them with justice and righteousness on the earth. 3 That they should circumcise their sons, according to the covenant which He had made with them, and not deviate to the right or the left of all the paths which the Lord had commanded us; and that we should keep ourselves from all sexual immorality and impurity, [and renounce from among us all sexual immorality and impurity]. 4 And if any woman or young woman commits sexual immorality among you, burn her with fire⁠ and do not let them commit sexual immorality with her after their eyes and their heart; and do not let them marry women from the daughters of Canaan; for the descendants of Canaan will be rooted out of the land. 5 And he told them of the judgment of the giants, and the judgment of the Sodomites,⁠ how they had been judged on account of their wickedness, and had died on account of their sexual immorality, and impurity, and mutual corruption through sexual immorality. 6 'And guard yourselves from all sexual immorality and impurity, And from all pollution of sin, So that you do not make our name a curse, And your whole life an object of scorn, And all your sons to be destroyed by the sword, And you become cursed like Sodom, And all your remnant as the sons of Gomorrah. 7 I implore you, my sons, love the God of heaven And cling to all His commandments. And do not follow their idols and their impure practices, 8 And do not make for yourselves cast-metal or carved gods; For they are worthless, And there is no spirit in them; For they are work of (men's) hands, And all who trust in them, trust in nothing. 9 Do not serve them, nor worship them, But serve the most high God, and worship Him continually: And hope for His face always, And act uprightly and righteously before Him, So that He may be pleased with you and grant you His mercy, And send rain upon you morning and evening, And bless all your works which you have done upon the earth, And bless your bread and your water, And bless the fruit of your womb and the fruit of your land, And the herds of your cattle, and the flocks of your sheep. 10 And you will be a blessing on the earth, And all nations of the earth will desire you, And bless your sons in my name, So that they may be blessed as I am. 11 And he gave to Ishmael and to his sons, and to the sons of Keturah, gifts, and sent them away from Isaac his son, and he gave everything to Isaac his son. 12 And Ishmael and his sons, and the sons of Keturah and their sons, went together and lived from Paran to the entrance to Babylon in all the land which is toward the East facing the desert. 13 And these mixed with each other, and their name was called Arabs, and Ishmaelites.

Texts in conversation

Compare Leviticus 19:18 and Jubilees 20:2

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions

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Summary

Leviticus commands Israel to love your neighbor as yourself. Jubilees narrows that into a call for family solidarity, where Abraham tells his children to love one another so they can stand together against an enemy in war.

Passages

Leviticus 19:18

Hebrew Bible
17 You must not hate your brother in your heart. You must surely reprove your fellow citizen so that you do not incur sin on account of him. 18 You must not take vengeance or bear a grudge against any of your people, but you must love your neighbor as yourself. I am the Lord. 19 You must keep my statutes. You must not allow two different kinds of your animals to breed together, you must not sow your field with two different kinds of seed, and you must not wear a garment made of two different kinds of material.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

Jubilees 20:2

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
1 And in the forty-second jubilee, in the first year of the seventh week [2052], Abraham called Ishmael, and his twelve sons, and Isaac and his two sons, and the six sons of Keturah, and their sons. 2 And he commanded them that they should observe the way of the Lord; that they should act righteously, and each love his neighbor, and act in this way among all men; that they should each behave toward them with justice and righteousness on the earth. 3 That they should circumcise their sons, according to the covenant which He had made with them, and not deviate to the right or the left of all the paths which the Lord had commanded us; and that we should keep ourselves from all sexual immorality and impurity, [and renounce from among us all sexual immorality and impurity].
170–125 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jubilees

References

... Jubilees 20:2de ('that they should be like this in every war so that they could go against each one [who was] against them') can be understood as an addition with regard to Leviticus 19:18b, and it probably contains an answer to the question concerning who is 'your neighbor' and the meaning of 'to love.' The reference to the commandment to love in a context of war is unexpected but not impossible. The commandment to love is interpreted as a commandment to prevent internal discord in order to be able to join together against an enemy (Jubilees 20:2e: 'against each one who was against them'). This implies that 'your neighbor' is understood as a compatriot. ...
Jacques T. A. G. M. van Ruiten, Abraham in the Book of Jubilees: The Rewriting of Genesis 11:26–25:10 in the Book of Jubilees 11:14–23:8, JSJSup 161 (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 266.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Leviticus 19:18 and Jubilees 20:2

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