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About this book

Jubilees

About this book

Moses at Sinai

Chapter 1

1 And in the first year of the exodus of the children of Israel out of Egypt, in the third month, on the sixteenth day of the month, [2450] God spoke to Moses, saying: 'Come up to Me on the Mount, and I will give you two stone tablets of the Torah and of the commandment, which I have written, so that you may teach them.'⁠ 2 And Moses went up onto the mountain of God, and the glory of the Lord stayed on Mount Sinai, and a cloud covered it for six days. 3 And He called to Moses on the seventh day from within the cloud, and the appearance of the glory of the Lord was like a flaming fire on the top of the mountain. 4 And Moses was on the mountain for forty days and forty nights, and God showed him the past and the future and told him about all the divisions of time of the Torah and of the testimony.⁠

The Covenant and Israel’s Future

5 And He said: 'Pay close attention to every word which I shall speak to you on this mountain, and write them in a book so that their descendants may know that I have not abandoned them for all the evil which they have done by breaking the covenant which I establish between Me and your children for their generations today on Mount Sinai.⁠ 6 And when all these things happen to them, they will recognize that I am more righteous than they in all their judgments and in all their curses, and they will recognize that I have been truly with them. 7 And write for yourself all these words which I declare to you today, for I know their rebellion and their stubbornness,⁠ before I bring them into the land which I promised by oath to their ancestors, to Abraham and to Isaac and to Jacob, saying: 'To your descendants I will give a land flowing with milk and honey. 8 And they will eat and be satisfied, and they will turn to foreign gods, to (gods) which cannot rescue them from any of their troubles: and this testimony shall testify against them. 9 For they will forget all My commandments, (even) all that I command them, and they will follow the nations, and their impurity, and their shameful practices, and will serve their gods, and these will prove to them a stumbling block, trouble, suffering, and a trap. 10 And many will perish and they will be taken captive, and will fall into the hands of the enemy, because they have abandoned My ordinances and My commandments, and the festivals of My covenant, and My sabbaths, and My holy things which they have made holy for Me among them, and My tabernacle, and My sanctuary, which I have made holy for Myself in the middle of the land, so that I could put My name on it, and that it should remain (there). 11 And they will make for themselves high places and sacred groves and carved images, and they will worship, each his own (carved image), so as to go astray, and they will sacrifice their children to demons, and to everything their misguided hearts devise.⁠ 12 And I will send witnesses to them, so that I may testify against them, but they will not listen, and will kill the witnesses also, and they will persecute those who seek the Torah, and they will discard and change everything so as to do evil before My eyes. 13 And I will hide My face from them, and I will hand them over to the nations for captivity, and to be plundered and devoured, and I will remove them from the land, and I will scatter them among the nations. 14 And they will forget all My Torah and all My commandments and all My judgments, and will forget new moons, and sabbaths, and festivals, and jubilees, and ordinances. 15 And after this they will turn to Me from among the nations with all their heart and with all their soul and with all their strength, and I will gather them from among all the nations, and they will seek Me, so that I shall be found by them, when they seek Me with all their heart and with all their soul. 16 And I will reveal abundant peace to them with righteousness, and I will plant them as an upright plant, with all My heart and with all My soul, and they shall be a blessing and not for a curse, and they shall be the head and not the tail. 17 And I will build My sanctuary among them, and I will live with them, and I will be their God and they shall be My people in truth and righteousness. 18 And I will not abandon them or fail them; for I am the Lord their God.'

Moses Prays for Israel

19 And Moses bowed facedown and prayed, 'Lord my God, do not abandon Your people and Your inheritance, or allow them to follow their misguided hearts, and do not deliver them into the hands of their enemies, the nations, so that they do not rule over them and cause them to sin against You. 20 Let Your mercy, Lord, extend over Your people, and create in them an upright spirit, and do not let the spirit of Beliar rule over them⁠ to accuse them before You, and to trap them and lead them away from all the paths of righteousness, so that they may be destroyed from Your presence. 21 But they are Your people and Your inheritance, which You have rescued with Your great power from the hands of the Egyptians: create in them a clean heart and a holy spirit, and do not let them be trapped in their sins from now on until eternity.' 22 And the Lord said to Moses: 'I know their defiance and their thoughts and their stubbornness, and they will not be obedient until they confess their own sin and the sin of their ancestors. 23 And after this they will turn to Me in all uprightness and with all (their) heart and with all (their) soul, and I will circumcise the foreskin of their heart and the foreskin of the heart of their descendants, and I will create in them a holy spirit,⁠ and I will cleanse them so that they shall not turn away from Me from that day to eternity. 24 And their souls will cling to Me and to all My commandments, and they will fulfill My commandments, and I will be their Father and they shall be My children. 25 And they all shall be called children of the living God, and every angel and every spirit shall know, yes, they shall know that these are My children, and that I am their Father in uprightness and righteousness, and that I love them. 26 And write down for yourself all these words which I declare to you on this mountain, the first and the last, which shall happen in all the divisions of the days in the Torah and in the testimony and in the weeks and the jubilees to eternity, until I descend and live with them throughout eternity.'

The Angel Is Commissioned

27 And He said to the angel of the presence:⁠ Dictate to Moses from the beginning of creation until My sanctuary has been built among them for all eternity. 28 And the Lord will appear in everyone's sight, and all shall know that I am the God of Israel and the Father of all the children of Jacob, and King on Mount Zion for all eternity. And Zion and Jerusalem shall be holy.' 29 And the angel of the presence who went ahead of the camp of Israel⁠ took the tablets of the divisions of the years — from the time of the creation — of the Torah and of the testimony of the weeks of the jubilees, according to the individual years, according to all the number of the jubilees [according to the individual years], from [the time of the first creation until] the new creation when the heavens and the earth shall be renewed and all their creation according to the powers of heaven,⁠ and according to all the creation of the earth, until the sanctuary of the Lord shall be made in Jerusalem on Mount Zion, and all the heavenly lights be renewed for healing and for peace and for blessing for all the chosen people of Israel, and that it may be this way from that day and to all the days of the earth.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 63:9 and Jubilees 1:27

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions

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Summary

Isaiah 63 describes a messenger from God who delivers and protects Israel. Jubilees develops this figure into the distinct Angel of the Presence, showing how a figure that is not clearly separate from God was later interpreted as a distinct being.

Passages

Isaiah 63:9

Hebrew Bible
7 I will tell of the faithful acts of the Lord, of the Lord’s praiseworthy deeds. I will tell about all the Lord did for us, the many good things he did for the family of Israel, because of his compassion and great faithfulness. 8 He said, “Certainly they will be my people, children who are not disloyal.” He became their deliverer. 9 Through all that they suffered, he suffered too. The messenger sent from his very presence delivered them. In his love and mercy he protected them; he lifted them up and carried them throughout ancient times. 10 But they rebelled and offended his Holy Spirit, so he turned into an enemy and fought against them. 11 His people remembered the ancient times. Where is the one who brought them up out of the sea, along with the shepherd of his flock? Where is the one who placed his Holy Spirit among them,
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Jubilees 1:27

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
26 And write down for yourself all these words which I declare to you on this mountain, the first and the last, which shall happen in all the divisions of the days in the Torah and in the testimony and in the weeks and the jubilees to eternity, until I descend and live with them throughout eternity.' 27 And He said to the angel of the presence: Dictate to Moses from the beginning of creation until My sanctuary has been built among them for all eternity. 28 And the Lord will appear in everyone's sight, and all shall know that I am the God of Israel and the Father of all the children of Jacob, and King on Mount Zion for all eternity. And Zion and Jerusalem shall be holy.'
170–125 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jubilees

References

"... Another important exalted heavenly figure that clearly influenced the development of the warrior-angel Michael is the 'Commander of the Army of Yahweh' - Joshua 5:13-15 - who converses with Joshua during the conquest of Canaan. Further, Isaiah's 'Angel of Yahweh's Presence', while not distinct from Yahweh, is clearly a major basis for the development of the elite group of distinct angels, including Raphael, who are able to enter the presence of the Lord (Tobit 12:15) and for Jubilees 'Angel of the Presence' who clearly acts in distinction from Yahweh. Lastly, the grouping of four archangels is almost certainly influenced by Ezekiel’s reference to the 'four living creatures' in Ezekiel 1 or 'Cherubim' in Ezekiel 10 who stand under the throne of God ..."
Deane Galbraith, “The Origin of Archangels: Ideological Mystification of Nobility,” in Class Struggle in the New Testament, ed. Robert J. Myles (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books/Fortress Academic, 2019), 209–240.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Isaiah 63:9 and Jubilees 1:27

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