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Jonathan Nahum

Targum Jonathan to the Prophets

About this book

Good News for Judah

Chapter 2

1 Look, on the mountains of the land of Israel are the feet of the one who brings good news, who proclaims peace! Celebrate your festivals, Judah, fulfill your vows, because the wicked will never pass through you again. They are all cut off.

2 Those who were coming up and spreading over your land were laying siege to you, setting guards on your roads. Strengthen your neck, and make your strength very firm. 3 For the Lord is restoring Jacob’s strength and Israel’s glory, because plunderers have plundered them and destroyed the cities that were their pride.

The Fall of Nineveh

4 The shields of their warriors are dyed red, and the men of war are dressed in scarlet. The torches of their chariots are made ready with fire for the day of their display. The leaders of their army are dressed in splendid clothing. 5 The chariots race madly through the streets, and the sound of their clashing weapons is heard in the city squares. They look like torches, like flashing lightning.

6 The leaders of their army are put in command, and they stumble as they go. They hurry, they lay the wall, and they build the towers. 7 The⁠ bridges of the rivers are broken down, and the king trembles in his palace.

8 The queen, seated in a litter, goes into captivity, and her maids follow her, moaning like the sound of doves and beating their breasts.

9 Though Nineveh has been like a reservoir of water from the days of old, now they are fleeing. “Stand! Stand!” But no one turns back to stand. 10 Plunder the silver, plunder the gold! There is no end to the treasures.

11 Gather all the precious things. The gate is plundered and stripped and opened to the enemy. Hearts melt and knees knock, and there is anguish in every body, and all their faces are covered with blackness, black as a pot.

12 Where are the⁠ dwellings of the kings and the residence of the princes, where the kings walked? There they left their sons, like a lion that stays by its prey in safety, with no one to frighten it. 13 The kings brought booty to their wives and captured goods to their sons, and filled their treasuries with booty and their palace with treasure.

14 “Look, I am about to send my fury on you,” says the Lord of Hosts, “and I will burn up your chariots with fire, and the sword will destroy your villages. I will wipe your commerce from the earth, and the voice of your messengers will be heard no more.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Nahum 2:11 and Jonathan Nahum 2:12

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In the Hebrew version of Nahum, lions feed their families with prey. In the Aramaic translation in Targum Jonathan, the lions are interpreted as Assyrian kings who support their households by looting other peoples.

Passages

Nahum 2:11

Hebrew Bible
10 Destruction, devastation, and desolation! Hearts faint, knees tremble; every stomach churns, all their faces have turned pale!11 Where now is the den of the lions and the feeding place of the young lions, where the lion, lioness, and lion cub once prowled and no one disturbed them?12 The lion tore apart as much prey as his cubs needed and strangled prey for his lionesses; he filled his lairs with prey and his dens with torn flesh.13 “I am against you!” declares the Lord of Heaven’s Armies: “I will burn your chariots with fire; the sword will devour your young lions. You will no longer prey upon the land; the voices of your messengers will no longer be heard.”
663–601 BCE Read in Nahum

Jonathan Nahum 2:12

Targum · Targum Jonathan to the Prophets
11 Gather all the precious things. The gate is plundered and stripped and opened to the enemy. Hearts melt and knees knock, and there is anguish in every body, and all their faces are covered with blackness, black as a pot.12 Where are the dwellings of the kings and the residence of the princes, where the kings walked? There they left their sons, like a lion that stays by its prey in safety, with no one to frighten it. 13 The kings brought booty to their wives and captured goods to their sons, and filled their treasuries with booty and their palace with treasure.14 “Look, I am about to send my fury on you,” says the Lord of Hosts, “and I will burn up your chariots with fire, and the sword will destroy your villages. I will wipe your commerce from the earth, and the voice of your messengers will be heard no more.”

References

“... The first column of Pesher Nahum nicely demonstrates that despite the relative freedom enjoyed by Jewish interpreters, the interpretation itself re- sponds to elements found within the biblical text itself. Thus Nahum 2:12-14 refers to a lion’s den, to which the lion brings prey for his whelps with impu- nity. Already the Targum understood that this lion’s den, which will soon feel God’s wrath, is a symbol for Nineveh and its kings. Pesher Nahum too under- stands the words of the prophet as a symbolic reference to kings and rulers. Thus, both the Targum and the Qumran authors interpret the lion’s prey as “wealth” (Pesher Nahum 1.11), or as “loot” and “goods” (Targum to Nahum 2:13 and 2:14, respectively). Unlike the Aramaic translator, however, the Qumran interpretation takes Nahum’s account of the lion as a unit unto it- self, divorced from the question of Nineveh. Moreover, the pesher provides a detailed account of Nahum’s prophetic words, interpreting them as an ac- count of the lives of contemporary kings. ...”
David Flusser, Judaism of the Second Temple Period: Qumran and Apocalypticism, trans. Azzan Yadin (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2007), 1:235.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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