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Jonathan Nahum

Targum Jonathan to the Prophets

About this book

The Prophecy Against Nineveh

Chapter 1

1 The burden of the cup of cursing that Nineveh is to be made to drink.⁠ Earlier, Jonah son of Amittai from Gath Hepher prophesied against her, and she turned from her sins. Now that she has sinned again, Nahum from the house of Koshi prophesied against her again, as it is written in this record.

The Lord’s Vengeance

2 The Lord is a God who judges and avenges. The Lord is an avenger, and great power is with him. The Lord is ready to take vengeance on those who hate⁠ his people, and to take it in mighty anger on his enemies. 3 The Lord is slow to anger, but great power is with him. The Lord is ready to take vengeance, but he⁠ forgives those who turn to the law, though he never fails to punish those who do not turn. The Lord leads in storm and wind, and casts clouds of darkness down before him.

4 He rebukes the sea and makes it dry, and dries up all the rivers. Bashan and Carmel are desolate, and the trees of Lebanon droop. 5 The mountains tremble before him, and the hills are broken. The earth is wasted before him, the world and all who live in it.

6 When he⁠ reveals himself in mercy to give the law to his people, the world trembles before him. But when he reveals himself in anger to take vengeance on those who hate his people, who can stand before his vengeance, and who can endure the evil of his anger? His anger dissolves like fire, and the rocks are broken before him.

7 The Lord is good to⁠ Israel, a support in the time of distress, and those who trust in his word are revealed before him. 8 In mighty anger and in fierce fury he will utterly destroy the⁠ peoples who have arisen and laid waste the holy house of the Lord, and he will hand his enemies over to Gehenna.

Nineveh’s End and Jerusalem’s Relief

9 You peoples who have plundered Israel, what are you plotting against the Lord? He is about to destroy you utterly, and distress will not rise against the house of Israel twice. 10 For the⁠ rulers of the people who plundered the house of Israel led them astray, like people staggering with wine, and consumed them as fire consumes very dry stubble.

11 From you, Nineveh, comes a⁠ king who is plotting evil against the people of the Lord, who devises a wicked plan.

12 This is what the Lord says: “Even if the peoples who have gathered to afflict you,⁠ Jerusalem, are perfect in their planning and great in number, and they cross the Tigris and pass over the Euphrates and come to afflict you, though I have made you serve, I will not make you serve again. 13 And now I will shatter the yoke of the peoples from your necks, and tear off your chains.”

14 But the Lord will give a command concerning you,⁠ king of Assyria: “There will no longer be any remembrance of your name. From the house of your idols I will cut off carved image and cast image. There I will make your grave, because this is a very light thing for me.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Nahum 1:3 and Jonathan Nahum 1:3

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In the Hebrew version of Nahum, God does not leave the guilty unpunished. In the Aramaic translation in Targum Jonathan, he forgives people who return to the Torah, making repentance a condition of forgiveness.

Passages

Nahum 1:3

Hebrew Bible
2 The Lord is a zealous and avenging God; the Lord is avenging and very angry. The Lord takes vengeance against his foes; he sustains his rage against his enemies.3 The Lord is slow to anger but great in power; the Lord will certainly not allow the wicked to go unpunished. He marches out in the whirlwind and the raging storm; dark storm clouds billow like dust under his feet.4 He shouts a battle cry against the sea and makes it dry up; he makes all the rivers run dry. Bashan and Carmel wither; the blossom of Lebanon withers.5 The mountains tremble before him; the hills convulse; the earth is laid waste before him the world and all its inhabitants are laid waste.
663–601 BCE Read in Nahum

Jonathan Nahum 1:3

Targum · Targum Jonathan to the Prophets
2 The Lord is a God who judges and avenges. The Lord is an avenger, and great power is with him. The Lord is ready to take vengeance on those who hate his people, and to take it in mighty anger on his enemies. 3 The Lord is slow to anger, but great power is with him. The Lord is ready to take vengeance, but he forgives those who turn to the law, though he never fails to punish those who do not turn. The Lord leads in storm and wind, and casts clouds of darkness down before him.4 He rebukes the sea and makes it dry, and dries up all the rivers. Bashan and Carmel are desolate, and the trees of Lebanon droop. 5 The mountains tremble before him, and the hills are broken. The earth is wasted before him, the world and all who live in it.

References

“... Furthermore, in the following verse, which it its Hebrew original form states that the Lord is great in power, and will by no means clear the guilty, the Targum comments: The Lord . . . . . pardons those who return (repent) to the Law; and those who do not repent He does not acquit. The Targum of the prophets emphasizes God’s salvation of those who repent and His punishment of those refuse to return to the Law: this matter has been carefully and exhaustively discussed by Chilton and by Smolar and Aberbach.47 ...”
C. T. R. Hayward, Targums and the Transmission of Scripture into Judaism and Christianity, SAIS 10 (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 313.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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