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Jonathan Jeremiah

About this book
Chapter 51

1 Thus says the Lord: Behold, I am bringing against Babylon and against the inhabitants of the land of the Chaldeans peoples who kill, whose heart is high, and they are beautiful in stature; their spirit destroys. 2 And I will send against Babylon plunderers, and they shall plunder it and empty her land; for they have been against her round about on the day of misfortune. 3 He who bends his bow, let him not bend it, and let him come up to her in his coat of mail; and do not have pity on her young men; finish off completely all her possessions. 4 And the slain shall be cast out in the land of the Chaldeans, and the wounded in her streets. 5 For the house of Israel and Judah have not been forsaken of their God, the Lord of Hosts, for their land is full of the sins of murder from the Memra of the Holy One of Israel. 6 Flee from the midst of Babylon, and let each man rescue his life; do not be wearied with his sin, for the time of punishment is before the Lord; he will repay him the rewards. 7 Behold, like the cup of gold which was precious among all the vessels, so is the sin of Babylon exalted; therefore mighty punishment is about to come to her from before the Lord. 8 Suddenly Babylon has fallen and has been shattered; howl over her, take balm for her wound; perhaps she may be healed. 9 We would have healed Babylon, but she would not be healed; forsake her, and let us go each man to his land, for her destruction comes near to heaven and is carried up to the heaven of heavens. 10 The Lord has revealed our righteous deeds; come, let us declare in Zion the work of the Lord our God. 11 Sharpen your arrows, fill the shields; the Lord has stirred up the spirit of the kings of the Medes, for his will is against Babylon to destroy it, because the vengeance of the Lord is the vengeance of his temple. 12 On the walls of Babylon lift up the ensign, strengthen the guard, set up watchmen, strengthen the outposts, for indeed the Lord has planned, moreover he has done what he spoke about the inhabitants of Babylon. 13 You who dwell on many waters, the house of her treasures, the day of your destruction has come, the time of the visitation of your wickedness. 14 The Lord of Hosts has sworn by his word, Surely I will fill you with troops of nations who are as many as the locust, and they will lift up their voice against you. 15 He who made the earth by his might said these things, who completed the world by his wisdom, and by his understanding suspended the heavens. 16 At the sound of his voice there is a heap of water in the heavens, and he brings up clouds from the ends of the earth; he makes lightnings at the time of rain and brings forth winds from his treasure-houses. 17 All the nations have become too dull to know wisdom; all the metal-workers are ashamed to make an image, for they have established them as falsehood, and there is no breath in them. 18 They are vanity, the work of scorn; at the time when I visit their sins upon them they shall perish. 19 He whose portion is Jacob is not like these, for he is the one who created everything, and Israel is the tribe of his inheritance; the Lord of Hosts is his name. 20 You scatter before me the fortified city in which are weapons of war, and through you I will scatter nations and destroy kingdoms. 21 And through you I will scatter horses and their riders; through you I will scatter chariots and their riders. 22 And through you I will scatter man and woman, and through you I will scatter the old and the suckling; and through you I will scatter young men and virgins. 23 And through you I will scatter the shepherd and his flock; and through you I will scatter the farmer and his yoke of oxen; and I will scatter through you rulers and tyrants. 24 And I will repay to Babylon and to all the inhabitants of the land of the Chaldeans all their wickedness which they have done in Zion in your sight, says the Lord. 25 Behold, I am sending my wrath against you, O destroying fortified city, says the Lord, which destroys all the earth; and I will lift up the plague of my power against you, and I will drag you down from your strength, and I will bring you into a burning fortified city. 26 And they will not appoint from you a king for a kingdom, nor a ruler for rulership, but you shall be an everlasting desolation, says the Lord. 27 Lift up an ensign in the land, blow the trumpet among the nations, appoint nations against her, declare concerning her, O kingdom of the land of Kardu, O troops of Hormine and Adiabene, appoint against her those who make war, whose horses shall come up speeding like a locust which is yellow. 28 Appoint the nations against her, the kings of the Medes, her governors and all her tyrants, and all the land of his rulership. 29 And the land shall tremble and be sick, for the thoughts of the Lord against Babylon have stood firm, to make the land of Babylonia a desolation without inhabitant. 30 The mighty men of Babylon have refrained from waging war; they dwell in the fortresses; their strength has been shattered; they are weak like women; her fortifications have been burned, her bolts have been shattered. 31 Runner shall run to meet runner, and he who tells news to meet him who tells news, to declare to the king of Babylon that his city has been conquered from its end. 32 The fords have been taken, and they have set the marshlands on fire, and the mighty men, the makers of war, have been terrified. 33 For thus says the Lord of Hosts, the God of Israel: The assembly of Babylon is like a threshing-floor at the time of whose trampling has come; again, a little while, and the plunderers shall come against her. 34 Jerusalem said: Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon has plundered my possessions and destroyed me; he has scattered me like an empty vessel; he has swallowed me up like the sea-monster; he has filled his treasure-house with the good things of my land; he has taken me into exile. 35 The violence and the plunder done to me shall be upon Babylon, says the assembly of Zion, and the debt of innocent blood which was shed in me shall be upon the inhabitants of the land of the Chaldeans, says Jerusalem. 36 Therefore thus says the Lord: Behold, I am judging your case and am taking vengeance for you, and I will dry up her sea and make her springs dry. 37 And Babylon shall become heaps of stones, a dwelling-place of wild asses, desolation and astonishment, without inhabitant. 38 Together like lions they shall roar; like young lions they shall lift up their voice. 39 Bring distress upon them, and they shall be like drunken men, so that they shall not be strong,⁠ and they shall die the second death, and shall not live for the world to come, says the Lord.⁠ 40 I will hand them over like bulls to the slaughter, like rams with goats. 41 How Babylon has been conquered, and the praise of all the earth captured; how Babylon has become a desolation among the nations. 42 A king with his troops who are as many as the waters of the sea has come up against Babylon; he covers them with the roaring of his waves. 43 Her cities have become a desolation, a desolate and dry land, a land in which no man at all dwells, and no man crosses over it. 44 And I will punish those who worship Bel in Babylon, and I will plunder his possessions from him, and the peoples shall not again be subject to him; also the walls of Babylon shall be cast down. 45 Go out from her midst, my people, and let each man rescue his soul from the strength of the Lord’s wrath. 46 Lest also your heart tremble and you be afraid before the news which is heard in the land; for news shall come in the year, and news after it in the next year; and violent men shall increase in the land, and ruler shall rise against ruler. 47 Therefore behold, the days are coming, that I will punish the images of Babylon, and all her land shall be dried up, and all her slain shall be cast out in her midst. 48 And the heavens and the earth and all that is in them shall glory over Babylon, for from the north plunderers shall come to her, says the Lord. 49 As the slain of Israel were cast out in Babylon, so the slain of all the earth shall be cast out to Babylon. 50 You who have been rescued from the sword, go into exile, do not hold back; remember from afar the worship of the Lord, and let Jerusalem come up into your mind. 51 We are ashamed, because we have heard disgrace; humiliation has covered our face, because foreigners have gone up and defiled the house of the Lord’s sanctuary. 52 Therefore behold, the days are coming, says the Lord, when I will punish her images, and the slain shall be cast out through all her land. 53 Even though Babylon should build buildings which are as high as the top of heaven, and though she should fortify strong fortified cities up to the height, from before me plunderers shall come against her, says the Lord. 54 The sound of a shout from Babylon, and great destruction from the land of the Chaldeans. 55 For the Lord has plundered Babylon and has destroyed out of her many troops, and the troops of many nations shall be gathered against her, and they shall lift up their voice with roaring. 56 For plunderers have come up against her, against Babylon, and her mighty men have been captured; their bows have been shattered, for God, the Lord of rewards, will surely pay them their reward. 57 And I will make her princes and her wise men drunk, her governors and her tyrants and her mighty men; and they shall die the second death and not live for the world to come, says the King, the Lord of Hosts is his name. 58 Thus says the Lord of Hosts: The walls of broad Babylon shall certainly be ruined, and her high gates shall be burned with fire, and the peoples shall labour in vain, and the fire shall consume the kingdom, and they shall be exhausted. 59 The word which Jeremiah the prophet commanded Seraiah the son of Neriah the son of Mahaseiah, when he went with the commission of Zedekiah the king of the tribe of the house of Judah to Babylon in the fourth year of his reign; and Seraiah was chief of the tribute. 60 And Jeremiah wrote all the evil that was to come upon Babylon in one book—all these words which are written against Babylon. 61 And Jeremiah said to Seraiah: When you come to Babylon, then you shall see and read all these words. 62 And you shall say: O Lord, you have decreed against this place to destroy it, so that there should not be an inhabitant in it, neither man nor beast; for it shall be an everlasting desolation. 63 And when you have finished reading this book, you shall tie a stone to it and cast it into the Euphrates. 64 And you shall say: Thus Babylon shall sink and shall not rise from before the evil which I am bringing upon her, and they shall be exhausted. Thus far the prophecy of Jeremiah.

Texts in conversation

Compare Jeremiah 51:38 and Jonathan Jeremiah 51:38

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Jeremiah 51 describes Babylon’s fall with images of drunkenness and endless sleep that suggest complete ruin. The Aramaic translation in the Targum intensifies this by adding the “second death,” a picture of judgment and exclusion from resurrection.

Passages

Jeremiah 51:38

Hebrew Bible
37 Babylon will become a heap of ruins. Jackals will make their home there. It will become an object of horror and of hissing scorn, a place where no one lives. 38 The Babylonians are all like lions roaring for prey; they are like lion cubs growling for something to eat. 39 When their appetites are all stirred up, I will set out a banquet for them. I will make them drunk so that they will pass out, they will fall asleep forever, they will never wake up,” says the Lord. 40 “I will lead them off to be slaughtered like lambs, rams, and male goats. 41 “See how Babylon has been captured! See how the pride of the whole earth has been taken! See what an object of horror Babylon has become among the nations!
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jeremiah

Jonathan Jeremiah 51:38

Targum
37 And Babylon shall become heaps of stones, a dwelling-place of wild asses, desolation and astonishment, without inhabitant. 38 Together like lions they shall roar; like young lions they shall lift up their voice. 39 Bring distress upon them, and they shall be like drunken men, so that they shall not be strong, and they shall die the second death, and shall not live for the world to come, says the Lord. 40 I will hand them over like bulls to the slaughter, like rams with goats. 41 How Babylon has been conquered, and the praise of all the earth captured; how Babylon has become a desolation among the nations.
200–300 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonathan Jeremiah

References

"... The meaning of the concept Second Death in Judaism is varied. On the one hand it seems that the term Second Death implies a general resurrection for all humankind after which judgment is passed, including the decision about who will live for eternal life and who will die an eternal death. This is probably the meaning of the occurrences in Targum Isaiah. On the other hand there are texts that suggest an exclusion from the resurrection. To these may be reckoned the occurrences in Targum Jeremiah, where the Second Death is likened to an intoxication out of which one cannot be roused, suggesting that it concerns exclusion from the resurrection. In the same manner the tradition that occurs in Midrash Tannaim, Pirqe de Rabbi Eliezer and Yalqut Shimoni speaks of the Second Death as a state from which resurrection is impossible. The meaning of the concept in the New Testament seems to be that after the general resurrection, the human race is judged on the basis of their records. Whoever is not found written in the Book of Life, will die the Second Death, which is described as a lake of fire. There seems to be a strong relation between especially the material in Targum Isaiah and the book of Revelation, but there is no complete overlap. The elements of a first resurrection and the thousand-year reign of the righteous that are prominent in Revelation are absent in the Targum ..."
Alberdina Houtman and Magda Misset-van de Weg, “The Fate of the Wicked: Second Death in Early Jewish and Christian Texts,” in Empsychoi Logoi: Religious Innovations in Antiquity (Leiden: Brill, 2008), 405–424.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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  • You cite Targum Jer 51:38, but the English text given is not that (I think?), and the link is for a Hebrew-only page for Targum Jer 51:4.

    William Tanksley, October 7, 2025

Jeremiah 51:38 and Jonathan Jeremiah 51:38

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