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Jonathan Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 63

1 Who has spoken these things? He who will bring the blow upon Persia, the mighty vengeance upon Bozrah, to execute vengeance and judgment for His people, as He has sworn to them by His Memra. He has said, “I will reveal myself as I have spoken in righteousness; great is my power to save.” 2 Why are the mountains red from the blood of the slain? Yes, the valleys will flow like wine from the winepress. 3 As the grapes are trodden in the vat, so He will increase the slaughter in the camps of the nations; they will have no strength before me; yes, I will slay them in my anger and tread them down in my fury; and I will break the strength of their mighty ones before me, and all their wise men I will consume. 4 For the day of vengeance is before me, and the year of the salvation of my people has come. 5 And it is revealed before me that there is no man whose works are good, and it is known to me that there is no man who will stand up and pray on behalf of them; yes, I will redeem them by the arm of my strength, and by the Memra of my delight I will help them. 6 And I will slay the nations in my anger, and I will tread them down in my fury,⁠ and I will cast the slain of their mighty ones into the lowest parts of the earth. 7 The prophet said, “I will mention the loving-kindness of the LORD, the praise of the LORD, according to all that the LORD has dealt bountifully with us, and His great goodness toward the house of Israel, which He has given to them according to His mercies and according to the multitude of His loving-kindnesses.” 8 And He said, “Surely they are my people, children who will not lie”; and His Memra became their salvation. 9 Whenever they sinned against Him, so that He might have brought distress upon them, He did not distress them; but an angel was sent from Him, who in His mercy redeemed them; and in His compassion He delivered them; and He bore them and carried them all the days of old. 10 But they rebelled against the word of His holy prophets and blasphemed, and His Memra became their enemy, and He waged war against them. 11 And He had compassion for the glory of His name, because of the remembrance of His goodness of old, the mighty works that He did by the hands of Moses for His people; so that the nations should not say, “Where is He who brought them up out of the sea? Where is He who led them through the wilderness like a shepherd his flock? Where is He who made the word of His holy prophets to dwell among them? 12 He who led them by the right hand of Moses, the arm of His glory, dividing the waters of the Red Sea before them, to make Himself an everlasting name? 13 He who led them through the depths, like a horse that does not stumble in the plain?” So they too did not stumble. 14 As a beast is led in a plain, the Memra of the LORD led them; so You led Your people, to make Yourself a glorious name. 15 Look down from heaven and reveal Yourself from the habitation of Your holiness and of Your glory; where is Your vengeance and Your great might? The multitude of Your mercies and Your compassion toward me are restrained. 16 For You are He, whose mercies towards us are as many as a father’s towards his children;⁠ for Abraham has not brought us up out of Egypt, and Israel has not performed wonderful works for us in the wilderness; You are the LORD; Your mercies towards us are many, like a father’s towards his children, O our Redeemer; Your name is from everlasting. 17 Why have You cast us off, O LORD, that we should go astray from the paths that are right in Your sight, like the nations that have no part in the instruction of Your Torah? Our heart is not turned away from Your fear; return Your Shekinah to Your people, for the sake of Your righteous servants, to whom You have sworn by Your Memra to make the tribes among them Your inheritance. 18 The people of Your holiness possessed Your sanctuary but a little while; our adversaries have trodden it down. 19 We are Your people who were of old; You have not given the teaching of Your Torah to the nations, neither is Your name invoked upon them; You have not inclined the heavens to them and revealed Yourself; the mountains quaked before You.

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 63:16 and Jonathan Isaiah 63:16

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Isaiah 63 says God is Israel’s father, even without recognition from Abraham or Jacob. The Aramaic translation in Targum Jonathan changes this to say God’s compassion is like a father, turning the statement into comparison rather than identification.

Passages

Isaiah 63:16

Hebrew Bible
14 As an animal that goes down into a valley to graze, so the Spirit of the Lord granted them rest. In this way you guided your people, gaining for yourself an honored reputation. 15 Look down from heaven and take notice, from your holy, majestic palace! Where are your zeal and power? Do not hold back your tender compassion! 16 For you are our father, though Abraham does not know us and Israel does not recognize us. You, Lord, are our father; you have been called our Protector from ancient times.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Jonathan Isaiah 63:16

Targum
14 As a beast is led in a plain, the Memra of the LORD led them; so You led Your people, to make Yourself a glorious name. 15 Look down from heaven and reveal Yourself from the habitation of Your holiness and of Your glory; where is Your vengeance and Your great might? The multitude of Your mercies and Your compassion toward me are restrained. 16 For You are He, whose mercies towards us are as many as a father’s towards his children; for Abraham has not brought us up out of Egypt, and Israel has not performed wonderful works for us in the wilderness; You are the LORD; Your mercies towards us are many, like a father’s towards his children, O our Redeemer; Your name is from everlasting.
200–300 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonathan Isaiah

References

"... In later Judaism mention is made but rarely of God as Father of Israel. There seems to have been a tendency to avoid the designation. This tendency is noticeable in the Targum to the Prophets, where the word 'father' is replaced by some other word, or the text is made to say that God is as a father. Thus, 'Thou art our Father' of Isaiah 63:16 becomes in the targum: 'Thou art he whose compassions towards us are more than those of a father towards his children.' Likewise in Targum Isaiah 64:8. In Targum Jeremiah 3:4, 19 it is replaced by "master"; in Targum Jeremiah 31:9 and Malachi 1:6 it is preceded by 'as,' 'like' (a father) ..."
Martin McNamara, Targum and Testament Revisited: Aramaic Paraphrases of the Hebrew Bible: A Light on the New Testament, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2010), 179.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Isaiah 63:16 and Jonathan Isaiah 63:16

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