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Jonathan Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 59

1 It is not on account of any deficiency in the power of the LORD that you are not saved, nor because it is too difficult for Him to hear that your prayer is not received; 2 but your iniquities separate between you and your God, and your sins have caused Him to take away the favor of His Shekinah from you, so as not to receive your prayer. 3 For your hands are defiled with innocent blood, and your fingers with iniquity; your lips speak lies, your tongue mutters deceit. 4 There is none who truly prays, nor any who pleads for faithfulness; they trust in worthlessness and speak lies; they hasten and bring forth words of violence out of their heart. 5 They hatch the eggs of a viper, and they weave the threads of spiders; he who eats of their eggs dies, and when they are hatched, they bring forth flying serpents. 6 Like a spider’s web, with which no one can be covered, so there is no profit from the works of the wicked; their works are works of violence, and the work of a lie is in their hands. 7 Their feet run to do evil, and they make haste to shed innocent blood; their thoughts are thoughts of violence, plunder and destruction are in their paths. 8 The way of peace they do not know, and there is no justice in their ways; they have perverted their ways; whoever goes in them will not know peace. 9 Therefore judgment is removed far from us, and the least righteousness does not meet us; we wait for light, but there is darkness; for brightness, but we walk in obscurity. 10 We grope for the wall like the blind, and we grope as if we had no eyes; we stumble at noonday like those who stumble in the dark; it is shut up before us, as the graves are shut up before the dead. 11 We all roar like bears because of our enemies who are gathered against us, and we mourn like doves; we hoped for judgment, but there is none; for salvation, but it is far removed from us. 12 For our iniquities are multiplied before You, and our sins testify against us; for our iniquities are revealed to us, and our crimes, we know them: 13 we have rebelled and acted falsely against the Memra of the LORD; we have turned backward from following after the worship of our God; we have spoken falsehood and apostasy, conceiving and bringing forth lying words from our hearts. 14 And justice is turned away backward, and righteousness stands far off; for those who follow truth stumble in the street, and those who follow faithfulness cannot show themselves. 15 And those who follow truth are hidden, and those who depart from evil become a prey. It is revealed before the LORD that there is no justice, which is evil in His sight. 16 And it is revealed in His sight that there is no man who has good works, and it is known to Him that there is no man who would arise and seek after them; therefore He will redeem them by the arm of His strength, and by the Memra of His delight He will help them. 17 It is revealed that He will work a great salvation for His people; yes, He will render vengeance to His enemies. 18 He is the Lord of retributions; He will render recompense, vengeance to His enemies, retribution to His adversaries; He will render recompense to the islands. 19 They will fear the name of the LORD from the west, and His glory from the rising of the sun. When the oppressors come in like a flood of the river Euphrates, they will be broken by the Memra of the LORD.⁠ 20 And the Redeemer will come to Zion, and turn the transgressors of the house of Jacob to the Torah, says the LORD. 21 And as for me, this is my covenant with them, says the LORD, “My Holy Spirit that is upon you, and the words of my prophecy that I have put in your mouth, will not depart out of your mouth, nor out of the mouth of your children, nor out of the mouth of your children’s children, says the LORD, from now on and forever.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Revelation 19:13 and Jonathan Isaiah 59:19

New Testament · Targum

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Summary

Revelation 19 describes the divine warrior as “the Word of God,” similar to the Aramaic translation of Isaiah 59 in the Targum, where victory is through the “Memra.” Revelation may have been influenced by an Aramaic tradition similar to the Targum.

Passages

Revelation 19:13

New Testament
11 Then I saw heaven opened and here came a white horse! The one riding it was called “Faithful” and “True,” and with justice he judges and goes to war. 12 His eyes are like a fiery flame and there are many diadem crowns on his head. He has a name written that no one knows except himself. 13 He is dressed in clothing dipped in blood, and he is called the Word of God. 14 The armies that are in heaven, dressed in white, clean, fine linen, were following him on white horses. 15 From his mouth extends a sharp sword so that with it he can strike the nations. He will rule them with an iron rod, and he stomps the winepress of the furious wrath of God, the All-Powerful. 16 He has a name written on his clothing and on his thigh: “King of kings and Lord of lords.”
92–96 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Revelation

Jonathan Isaiah 59:19

Targum
18 He is the Lord of retributions; He will render recompense, vengeance to His enemies, retribution to His adversaries; He will render recompense to the islands. 19 They will fear the name of the LORD from the west, and His glory from the rising of the sun. When the oppressors come in like a flood of the river Euphrates, they will be broken by the Memra of the LORD. 20 And the Redeemer will come to Zion, and turn the transgressors of the house of Jacob to the Torah, says the LORD.
200–300 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonathan Isaiah

References

"... We see in this passage that while the Masoretic Text stresses that God acts alone as warrior, in the Targum he acts through his Word, a feature that we also noted in connection with the theme of creation in Isaiah 44:24. Again one might object that ‘the Memra of my pleasure’ could or should be taken literally, as God’s decree through which he accomplishes his good pleasure. But again we note that in any proposal of a background for the Logos title, John is not considered bound to use his source material without adaptation. By saying that the name of the warrior is ‘the Word of God,’ which infers the Tetragrammaton, John makes it clear that the warrior of Revelation 19 is YHWH, not merely a personification of God’s decree ... One need not go to Gen 49:11 in the Palestinian Targums therefore to explain Rev 19:11, ‘in righteousness he judges and makes war.’ Targum Isaiah 59:17 says, ‘strength and salvation he will bring by his Memra to those who fear him’ (MT, ‘[he put] a helmet of salvation on his head’); Targum Isaiah 59:19 says ‘by the Memra of the LORD they shall be plundered’ (MT, ‘[He will come like a rushing stream], which the wind of the LORD drives on’), where ‘the Memra of the LORD’ agrees with the name ‘the Word of God’ of Rev 19:13 ..."
John L. Ronning, “The Targum of Isaiah and the Johannine Literature,” WTJ 69 (2007): 247–278.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Revelation 19:13 and Jonathan Isaiah 59:19

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