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Jonathan Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 50

1 Thus says the LORD, “Where is the bill of divorcement that I gave to your congregation, that she is cast off? Or who is the creditor to whom I sold you? Look, for your sins you were sold, and for your rebellion your congregation was put away. 2 Why, when I sent my prophets, did they not repent? They prophesied, but they did not obey. Is my power altogether deficient, so that I cannot save? Look, at my rebuke I dry up the sea, I make the rivers a wilderness; their fish stink because there is no water, and die of thirst. 3 I clothe the heavens with blackness, and I make sackcloth their covering.” 4 The Lord GOD has given me a tongue to teach, to give knowledge and to instruct the righteous with wisdom, those who weary themselves with the words of the Torah; each morning rising up early to send His prophets, so that perhaps the ears of the sinners might be opened and they might receive instruction. 5 The Lord GOD has sent me to prophesy, and I did not refuse, nor turn back. 6 I gave my back to the smiters, and my cheeks to those who plucked off the hair; I did not hide my face from shame and spitting. 7 The Lord GOD is my helper; therefore I will not be put to shame; therefore I have set my face strong as a rock, and I know that I will not be put to shame. 8 My righteousness is near; who is he that will contend with me? Let us stand forth together; who is my adversary? Let him come near me. 9 See, the Lord GOD is my helper; who is he that will condemn me? They will all wear out like a garment, like a garment that the moth eats. 10 The prophet said, “The Holy One, blessed be He, will say to all the nations, ‘Who among you fears the LORD, who obeys the voice of His servant the prophet, who keeps the Torah while in distress, like a man who walks in darkness and has no light, trusting in the name of the LORD and relying on the salvation of his God?’” 11 The nations answered and said to him, “O our Lord! it is not possible for us to occupy ourselves with the Torah, because we continually wage war against one another, and when we gain the victory one over the other, we burn their houses with fire and bring their children and their treasures into captivity; in this manner our days are spent, so it is impossible for us to occupy ourselves with the Torah.” The Holy One, blessed be He, answered and said to them, “Behold, all of you who stir up a fire and lay hold on the sword, go, fall into the fire that you have stirred up, and by the sword that you have laid hold on.⁠ This will be to you from my Memra: you will turn to your destruction.”⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Matthew 26:52 and Jonathan Isaiah 50:11

New Testament · Targum

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Summary

In Matthew 26, Jesus warns that those who use the sword will die by it, using language similar to the Aramaic translation of Isaiah 50 in Targum Jonathan, where those who use the sword also die by the sword, suggesting Jesus knew a similar tradition.

Passages

Matthew 26:52

New Testament
50 Jesus said to him, “Friend, do what you are here to do.” Then they came and took hold of Jesus and arrested him. 51 But one of those with Jesus grabbed his sword, drew it out, and struck the high priest’s slave, cutting off his ear. 52 Then Jesus said to him, “Put your sword back in its place! For all who take hold of the sword will die by the sword. 53 Or do you think that I cannot call on my Father and that he would send me more than 12 legions of angels right now?
70–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Matthew

Jonathan Isaiah 50:11

Targum
11 The nations answered and said to him, “O our Lord! it is not possible for us to occupy ourselves with the Torah, because we continually wage war against one another, and when we gain the victory one over the other, we burn their houses with fire and bring their children and their treasures into captivity; in this manner our days are spent, so it is impossible for us to occupy ourselves with the Torah.” The Holy One, blessed be He, answered and said to them, “Behold, all of you who stir up a fire and lay hold on the sword, go, fall into the fire that you have stirred up, and by the sword that you have laid hold on. This will be to you from my Memra: you will turn to your destruction.”
200–300 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonathan Isaiah

References

"... 'All those who grasp a sword will perish by a sword' (Matthew 26:52): the sword, like the measure (see below), seems to have been a proverbial figure. In Targum Isaiah 50:11, it is applied quite graphically: 'Behold, all you who kindle a fire, who grasp a sword! Go, fall in the fire which you kindled and on the sword which you grasped!' A link to the passage in Isaiah (or any passage of Scripture) cannot be demonstrated in Jesus' saying, so the correspondence seems to be of the proverbial type, like the saying about the measure. Nonetheless, the close agreement in wording and imagery makes this a comparison of the first type ..."
Bruce Chilton, “From Aramaic Paraphrase to Greek Testament,” in From Prophecy to Testament: The Function of the Old Testament in the New, ed. Craig A. Evans (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2004), 23–43.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Matthew 26:52 and Jonathan Isaiah 50:11

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