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Jonathan Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 34

1 Come near, you nations, to hear; and listen, you kingdoms; let the earth hear, and the fullness of the world, and all who dwell in her. 2 For the wrath from before the presence of the LORD is upon all the nations, and slaughter upon all their hosts; He has condemned them and handed them over to the slaughter. 3 And their slain will be cast out, and their stench will rise from their carcasses, and the mountains will be melted with their blood. 4 And all the pleasant host of heaven will be dissolved, and they will be blotted out from beneath the heavens, as it is said concerning them in this book; and all their armies will come to an end, like the fading leaf from the vine and like the withering fig from the fig tree. 5 Because my sword is revealed in heaven, it will descend upon Edom, and upon the people whom I have condemned to judgment. 6 The sword before the presence of the LORD is filled with blood; it is gorged, it is gorged with the blood of kings and rulers, it is gorged with the kidneys of princes; because there is a slaughter before the LORD in Bozrah, and a great sacrifice in the land of Edom. 7 And the mighty men will be slain with them, and the rulers and the princes; and their land will be drenched with their own blood, and their dust made rich with their own fat. 8 For it is the day of vengeance before the presence of the LORD, the year of recompense, to take the vengeance of judgment on account of the shaming of Zion. 9 And the rivers of Rome will be turned into pitch,⁠ and her dust into brimstone, and the land will become burning pitch. 10 By night and by day it will not be extinguished; her smoke will rise forever; from generation to generation she will lie waste; no one will pass through her to everlasting ages. 11 The pelican and the porcupine will inherit her, and the owls and the ravens will dwell in her; and the line of devastation will be stretched over her, and the plummet of desolation. 12 They said, “We are the sons of free men,” and they were not willing to accept a kingly government over them; and all her princes will come to nothing. 13 And thorns will spring up in her palaces, nettles and brambles in their fortified city; and she will become a haunt for dragons, a place for the daughter of the ostrich. 14 And wild beasts will meet with wild cats, and demons, each one calling to its companion; the night-creature will dwell there and find rest for itself. 15 And the hedgehog will make its nest there and breed there; partridges will chirp in the shady boughs; surely the vultures will be gathered there, each one with her mate. 16 Search from the book of the LORD and read: not one of them will be missing, none will lack her mate; for by His Memra they will be gathered together, and by His pleasure they will be brought together. 17 And He by His Memra has cast the lot for them, and by His will He has divided it among them by line; they will possess it forever; from generation to generation they will dwell in it.

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Compare Isaiah 34:9 and Jonathan Isaiah 34:9

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Isaiah describes Edom's land turning into burning pitch as a symbol of total destruction. The Aramaic translation in Targum Jonathan replaces Edom with Rome, following a pattern in Rabbinic texts of inserting Rome to emphasize its role as an enemy.

Passages

Isaiah 34:9

Hebrew Bible
8 For the Lord has planned a day of revenge, a time when he will repay Edom for her hostility toward Zion. 9 Edom’s streams will be turned into pitch and her soil into brimstone; her land will become burning pitch. 10 Night and day it will burn; its smoke will ascend continually. Generation after generation it will be a wasteland, and no one will ever pass through it again.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Jonathan Isaiah 34:9

Targum
8 For it is the day of vengeance before the presence of the LORD, the year of recompense, to take the vengeance of judgment on account of the shaming of Zion. 9 And the rivers of Rome will be turned into pitch, and her dust into brimstone, and the land will become burning pitch. 10 By night and by day it will not be extinguished; her smoke will rise forever; from generation to generation she will lie waste; no one will pass through her to everlasting ages.
200–300 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonathan Isaiah

References

"... The present chapter does little more than repeat the scenario of the supernatural (verses 5–8) destruction of Gentile armies (verses 2, 4). But it is notable that Rome (from the Greek spelling, 'Rōmē') is openly mentioned (verse 9). The connection between Rome and Edom is well established in rabbinic literature, but the Tannaitic meturgeman was far more circumspect in chapter 28. There is nonetheless some indication that the present, Amoraic meturgeman has incorporated earlier traditions ..."
Bruce D. Chilton, The Isaiah Targum: Introduction, Translation, Apparatus and Notes, ArBib 11 (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, 1987), 69.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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