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Jonathan Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 3

1 For the Lord of the world, the LORD of hosts, is taking away from Jerusalem and Judah support and aid, all support of food and all help of drink; 2 the mighty man and warrior, the judge and scribe, the diviner and elder;⁠ 3 the captain of fifty, the man of rank, the counselor, the skilled craftsman, the wise man, and the expert in counsel. 4 “I will make mere youths their rulers, and the inexperienced will rule over them.” 5 The people will oppress one another, every man against his neighbor; the youth will be insolent to the elder, and the base fellow to the honorable. 6 When a man seizes his brother in his father’s house, saying, “You have a cloak; you shall be our leader, and this ruin shall be under your authority,” 7 he will reply in that day, saying, “I am not a healer; in my house there is neither bread nor clothing; you shall not make me leader over the people.” 8 For Jerusalem has stumbled and Judah has fallen, because their words and deeds are against the LORD, inciting anger before his glory. 9 Their biased judgments testify against them; like the sins of Sodom, they flaunt their sins without hiding them. Woe to them! For they have brought this disaster upon themselves. 10 Tell the righteous, “It will be well with you,” for they will enjoy the fruits of their deeds. 11 Woe to the wicked whose deeds are evil, for the recompense of their hands will be given back to them. 12 My people—those who lead you plunder you like vineyard gleaners, and creditors rule over you—O my people, your leaders mislead you and corrupt your paths. 13 The LORD is ready to judge and to reveal his justice among the people. 14 The LORD will bring to judgment the elders and leaders of his people, “You have plundered my people; the spoils of the poor are in your houses. 15 What do you mean by crushing my people and turning aside the needs of the oppressed in their legal cases?” says the LORD God of hosts. 16 And the LORD said, “Because the daughters of Zion are haughty, walking with uplifted necks, ogling with their eyes, walking with mincing steps and exciting lust with their feet,⁠ 17 therefore the LORD will humble the nobles of the daughters of Zion and take away their glory.” 18 In that day the LORD will remove the finery of their anklets, headbands, and hair ornaments; 19 the pendants, bracelets, and veils; 20 the headdresses, ankle chains, sashes, and perfume boxes; the amulets and charms; 21 the rings and nose rings; 22 the festal robes, cloaks, shawls, and handbags; 23 the mirrors, fine linen garments, turbans, and shawls. 24 And it shall come to pass that where there was fragrance, there will be stench; where there were belts, scars; where there was beautiful hair, baldness; where there was fine clothing, sackcloth; and shame will replace beauty. 25 Your men will fall by the sword, and your warriors in battle. 26 The gates of her cities shall lament and mourn, and her land will be desolate and abandoned.

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Timothy 2:9 and Jonathan Isaiah 3:16

New Testament · Targum

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Summary

The Aramaic translation of Isaiah in Targum Jonathan expands the description of women wearing jewelry and expensive clothing to highlight their arrogance. 1 Timothy similarly teaches that women should be modest and not wear expensive clothing or jewelry.

Passages

1 Timothy 2:9

New Testament
9 Likewise the women are to dress in suitable apparel, with modesty and self-control. Their adornment must not be with braided hair and gold or pearls or expensive clothing, 10 but with good deeds, as is proper for women who profess reverence for God. 11 A woman must learn quietly with all submissiveness. 12 But I do not allow a woman to teach or exercise authority over a man. She must remain quiet. 13 For Adam was formed first and then Eve. 14 And Adam was not deceived, but the woman, because she was fully deceived, fell into transgression. 15 But she will be delivered through childbearing, if she continues in faith and love and holiness with self-control.
90–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Timothy

Jonathan Isaiah 3:16

Targum
16 And the LORD said, “Because the daughters of Zion are haughty, walking with uplifted necks, ogling with their eyes, walking with mincing steps and exciting lust with their feet, 17 therefore the LORD will humble the nobles of the daughters of Zion and take away their glory.” 18 In that day the LORD will remove the finery of their anklets, headbands, and hair ornaments; 19 the pendants, bracelets, and veils; 20 the headdresses, ankle chains, sashes, and perfume boxes; the amulets and charms; 21 the rings and nose rings; 22 the festal robes, cloaks, shawls, and handbags; 23 the mirrors, fine linen garments, turbans, and shawls.
200–300 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonathan Isaiah

References

"... The Targumim participate in a cosmology that reflects convictions of how eschatological reward and punishment are to be worked out. It is unlikely that the targumic scheme is original; more probably, it reflects widespread expectations. But sometimes the Targumim illuminate otherwise esoteric statements within the New Testament. Isaiah Targum 63:6 specifies the “lower earth” as the place to which God will cast the “mighty men” of his enemies. A similar phrase is used in Ephesians 4:9 in order to refer to Christ’s descent to the dead. Divine anger is invoked in the Isaiah Targum 3:16-24 against women who adorn themselves — especially their hair — in an exaggerated fashion, and that invites comparison with 1 Timothy 2:9 and 1 Peter 3:3. God’s anger is understood to “whiten” (Targum Malachi 3:2) in a way that may illuminate passages such as Mark 9:3 and Revelation 7:14 ..."
Paul V. M. Flesher and Bruce D. Chilton, The Targums: A Critical Introduction, SAIS 12 (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2011), 401.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Timothy 2:9 and Jonathan Isaiah 3:16

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