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Jonathan Isaiah

About this book
Chapter 18

1 Ah, the land beyond the rivers of India,⁠ to which they come in ships from a far country, whose sails are spread out like an eagle flying with its wings! 2 It sends ambassadors by the sea, in ships on the face of the waters, saying, “Go, swift messengers, to a people oppressed and plundered, to a people that was mighty in times past and will be so in time to come, a people oppressed and robbed, whose land the nations have plundered.” 3 All you inhabitants of the world, you who dwell on the earth, when the standard is lifted up on the mountains, you will see the standard, and when the trumpet sounds, you will hear of redemption. 4 For thus the LORD has said to me, “I will give rest to my people; I will make them rest, and I will delight in my holy habitation to do them good. Blessings and consolations I will bring upon them quickly; when the heat is intense from the heat of the sun, then I will be to them a cloud of dew, as in the heat of harvest.” 5 Before the time of harvest comes, when the tree is ready to bud and the unripe grape bursts into flower, He will slay the rulers of the nations with the sword, and their mighty ones He will remove and cause to pass away. 6 They will all be left to the birds of the mountains and to the beasts of the earth; all the birds of the heavens will summer upon them, and all the beasts of the earth will winter upon them. 7 At that time a gift will be brought to the LORD of hosts, a people oppressed and plundered, a people that was mighty in times past and will be so in time to come, a people oppressed and robbed, whose land the nations have plundered, to the place that is called by the name of the LORD of hosts, whose Shekinah is in the mountain of Zion.

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 18:1 and Jonathan Isaiah 18:1

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Isaiah 18 describes a distant land beyond the rivers of Cush, a reference to Africa. The Aramaic translation in Targum Jonathan changes this from Cush to India, reflecting a later Babylonian perspective shaped by trade across the Indian Ocean.

Passages

Isaiah 18:1

Hebrew Bible
1 Beware, land of buzzing wings, the one beyond the rivers of Cush, 2 that sends messengers by sea, who glide over the water’s surface in boats made of papyrus. Go, you swift messengers, to a nation of tall, smooth-skinned people, to a people that are feared far and wide, to a nation strong and victorious, whose land rivers divide. 3 All you who live in the world, who reside on the earth, you will see a signal flag raised on the mountains; you will hear a trumpet being blown.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Jonathan Isaiah 18:1

Targum
1 Ah, the land beyond the rivers of India, to which they come in ships from a far country, whose sails are spread out like an eagle flying with its wings! 2 It sends ambassadors by the sea, in ships on the face of the waters, saying, “Go, swift messengers, to a people oppressed and plundered, to a people that was mighty in times past and will be so in time to come, a people oppressed and robbed, whose land the nations have plundered.” 3 All you inhabitants of the world, you who dwell on the earth, when the standard is lifted up on the mountains, you will see the standard, and when the trumpet sounds, you will hear of redemption.
200–300 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonathan Isaiah

References

"... The mention of “India” rather than “Ethiopia” in the Targum changes the geographical focus of the text radically (verse 1, compare 11:11). It probably reflects the Babylonian perspective of this passage, in that trading relations involving the Indian Ocean were established from an early period ... Reference may be made to the finds of pearls from the Indian Ocean at Hasanlu described by Porada .. compare Rosh Hashannah 23a ..."
Bruce D. Chilton, The Isaiah Targum: Introduction, Translation, Apparatus and Notes, ArBib 11 (Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, 1987), 37.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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