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About this book

Jonah

About this book
Chapter 3

1 The Lord’s message came to Jonah a second time, 2 “Go immediately to Nineveh, that large city, and proclaim to it the message that I tell you.”⁠ 3 So Jonah went immediately to Nineveh, in keeping with the Lord’s message. Now Nineveh was an enormous city—it required three days to walk through it! 4 Jonah began to enter the city by going one day’s walk, announcing, “At the end of 40 days, Nineveh will be overthrown!”⁠ 5 The people of Nineveh believed in God, and they declared a fast and put on sackcloth, from the greatest to the least of them.⁠ 6 When the news reached the king of Nineveh, he got up from his throne, took off his royal robe, put on sackcloth, and sat on ashes. 7 He issued a proclamation and said, “In Nineveh, by the decree of the king and his nobles: No human or animal, cattle or sheep, is to taste anything; they must not eat and they must not drink water. 8 Every person and animal must put on sackcloth and must cry earnestly to God, and everyone must turn from their evil way of living and from the violence that they do.⁠ 9 Who knows? Perhaps God might be willing to change his mind and relent and turn from his fierce anger so that we might not die.”⁠ 10 When God saw their actions—that they turned from their evil way of living—God relented concerning the judgment he had threatened them⁠ with and did not destroy them.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Nahum 3:19 and Jonah 3:10

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Nahum celebrates the fall of Nineveh and the end of its cruelty. In Jonah, God instead spares the same city when its people repent, presenting a sharply different picture of how God treats the Assyrians.

Passages

Nahum 3:19

Hebrew Bible
17 Your courtiers are like locusts, your officials are like a swarm of locusts! They encamp in the walls on a cold day, yet when the sun rises, they fly away, and no one knows where they are. 18 Your shepherds are sleeping, O king of Assyria. Your officers are slumbering! Your people are scattered like sheep on the mountains, and there is no one to regather them. 19 Your destruction is like an incurable wound; your demise is like a fatal injury. All who hear what has happened to you will clap their hands for joy, for no one ever escaped your endless cruelty!
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Nahum

Jonah 3:10

Hebrew Bible
8 Every person and animal must put on sackcloth and must cry earnestly to God, and everyone must turn from their evil way of living and from the violence that they do. 9 Who knows? Perhaps God might be willing to change his mind and relent and turn from his fierce anger so that we might not die.” 10 When God saw their actions—that they turned from their evil way of living—God relented concerning the judgment he had threatened them with and did not destroy them.
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonah

References

“... The book of another prophet, Nahum, however, tells another story about what God thinks of the Ninevites: he hates them. Nahum in fact celebrates the demise of Nineveh and interprets it as an act of God. The book concludes: There is no assuaging your hurt, your wound is mortal. All who hear the news about you clap their hands over you. For who has ever escaped your endless cruelty? (3:19). Translation: God destroyed Nineveh and everyone cheers as if it were the golden goal in the World Cup finals. Jonah and Nahum clearly see the matter of God’s attitude toward the Ninevites differently, and the reason is . . . wait for it . . . they were written at different times and under different circumstances for different purposes. Nahum lived at the time of the fall of Nineveh and, historically speaking, he was right. Nineveh fell to the Babylonians in 612 BCE and, as all prophets do, Nahum interpreted the event as an act of God. Jonah, however, was written in the postexilic period, after (perhaps generations after) the return from Babylonian exile in 538 BCE. And this author doesn’t seem to be in the least bit interested in recording history. ...”
Peter Enns, How the Bible Actually Works (San Francisco: HarperOne, 2019), 87–90.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Nahum 3:19 and Jonah 3:10

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