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About this book

Jonah

About this book
Chapter 1

1 The Lord’s message came to Jonah son of Amittai, 2 “Go immediately to Nineveh, that large capital city, and announce judgment against its people because their wickedness has come to my attention.”⁠ 3 Instead, Jonah immediately headed off to Tarshish to escape from the commission of the Lord. He traveled to Joppa and found a merchant ship heading to Tarshish. So he paid the fare and went aboard it to go with them to Tarshish, far away from the Lord. 4 But the Lord hurled a powerful wind on the sea. Such a violent tempest arose on the sea that the ship threatened to break up!⁠ 5 The sailors were so afraid that each cried out to his own god and they flung the ship’s cargo overboard to make the ship lighter.⁠ Jonah, meanwhile, had gone down into the hold below deck, had lain down, and was sound asleep.⁠ 6 The ship’s captain approached him and said, “What are you doing asleep? Get up! Cry out to your god! Perhaps your god might take notice of us so that we might not die!”⁠ 7 The sailors said to one another, “Come on, let’s cast lots to find out whose fault it is that this disaster has overtaken us.” So they cast lots, and Jonah was singled out. 8 They said to him, “Tell us, whose fault is it that this disaster has overtaken us? What’s your occupation? Where do you come from? What’s your country? And who are your people?” 9 He said to them, “I am a Hebrew,⁠ and I worship the Lord, the God of heaven, who made the sea and the dry land.” 10 Hearing this, the men became even more afraid and said to him, “What have you done?” (The men said this because they knew that he was trying to escape from the Lord, because he had previously told them.)⁠ 11 Because the storm was growing worse and worse, they said to him, “What should we do to you so that the sea will calm down for us?” 12 He said to them, “Pick me up and throw me into the sea so that the sea will calm down for you, because I know it’s my fault you are in this severe storm.” 13 Instead, they tried to row back to land, but they were not able to do so because the storm kept growing worse and worse. 14 So they cried out to the Lord, “Oh, please, Lord, don’t let us die on account of this man! Don’t hold us guilty of shedding innocent blood. After all, you, Lord, have done just as you pleased.” 15 So they picked Jonah up and threw him into the sea, and the sea stopped raging. 16 The men feared the Lord greatly and earnestly vowed to offer lavish sacrifices to the Lord. 17 (2:1) The Lord sent a huge fish to swallow Jonah, and Jonah was in the stomach of the fish three days and three nights.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Jonah 1:17 and Tobit 6:3

Hebrew Bible · Deuterocanon

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Summary

In Jonah, a great fish swallows Jonah whole and carries him three days and nights in its belly. In Tobit, this is reversed as a fish leaps up and tries to swallow Tobias instead, but the angel tells him to grab and overpower it.

Passages

Jonah 1:17

Hebrew Bible
15 So they picked Jonah up and threw him into the sea, and the sea stopped raging. 16 The men feared the Lord greatly and earnestly vowed to offer lavish sacrifices to the Lord. 17 (2:1) The Lord sent a huge fish to swallow Jonah, and Jonah was in the stomach of the fish three days and three nights.
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jonah

Tobit 6:3

Deuterocanon
2 and the dog went forth with him and journeyed with them; and they journeyed both of them together. And once night came upon them, and they lodged by the river Tigris, 3 and the young man went down to wash his feet in the river Tigris. And a great fish leaped up out of the water, and would have swallowed the foot of the young man. And he cried out. 4 And the angel said to the young man, Grasp and take hold of the fish. And the young man caught hold of the fish, and hauled it up on to the land. 5 And the angel said to him, Open the fish, and take out its gall and the heart and liver and put them by you, and cast away the inwards; for its gall and heart and liver are for an useful medicament. 6 And the young man opened the fish and collected the gall and the heart and the liver, and he roasted part of the fish and did eat, and left part of it salted. And they journeyed both of them together until they: drew near to Media.
225–175 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Tobit

References

... In the story of the fleeing prophet, his being swallowed by the fish, becomes the occasion for a special return to God. In fact, once in the fish’s belly (see Jonah 2:1), the “first thing” Jonah does, is pray (see Jonah 2:2–11). That prayer, put by the narrator in Jonah’s mouth, begins with a recognition for God’s salvific action (see Jonah 2:3). In Tobit story, at least at first sight, we do not find a parallel effect, at least not regarding Tobiah. In effect, in Tobit 6, the narrator refrains from characterizing Tobiah from a religious point of view (leaving it to chapter eight). Furthermore, Jonah, spewed out of the fish belly, finally accepts God’s call, and goes to Nineveh to deliver the divine message. After complete victory over the fish, symbolized in Tobiah’s keeping of it as food and medicine, Tobiah accepts freely the divine ordinance of marrying Sarah, fully aware of the deadly threat that expects him in the killer demon Asmodeus. God in both stories is presented as “LORD/God of heaven.” In light of all the evidence just presented, Levine seems correct in seeing Tobiah’s interaction with the big fish an intentional parody of the book of Jonah. In that regard one could say that Tobit’s author depicts Tobiah as an anti-Jonah character ...
Francis M. Macatangay, When I Was a Father to the Poor: The Poetics and Narrative Function of Tobit 6 (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2019), 118–119.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Jonah 1:17 and Tobit 6:3

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