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Joel

About this book
Chapter 1

1 This is the Lord’s message that came to Joel the son of Pethuel: 2 Listen to this, you elders; pay attention, all inhabitants of the land. Has anything like this ever happened in your whole life or in the lifetime of your ancestors? 3 Tell your children about it; have your children tell their children, and their children the following generation.⁠ 4 What the gazam-locust left the ‘arbeh-locust consumed; what the ‘arbeh-locust left the yeleq-locust consumed, and what the yeleq-locust left the hasil-locust consumed. 5 Wake up, you drunkards, and weep! Wail, all you wine drinkers, because the sweet wine has been taken away from you.⁠ 6 For a nation has invaded my land, mighty and without number. Their teeth are lion’s teeth; they have the fangs of a lioness. 7 They have destroyed my vines; they have turned my fig trees into mere splinters. They have completely stripped off the bark and thrown it aside; the twigs are stripped bare. 8 Wail like a young virgin clothed in sackcloth, lamenting the death of her husband to be.⁠ 9 No one brings grain offerings or drink offerings to the temple of the Lord anymore. So the priests, those who serve the Lord, are in mourning. 10 The crops of the fields have been destroyed. The ground is in mourning because the grain has perished. The fresh wine has dried up; the olive oil languishes. 11 Be distressed, farmers; wail, vinedressers, over the wheat and the barley. For the harvest of the field has perished. 12 The vine has dried up; the fig tree languishes—the pomegranate, date, and apple as well.⁠ In fact, all the trees of the field have dried up. Indeed, the joy of the people has dried up! 13 Get dressed and lament, you priests. Wail, you who minister at the altar. Come, spend the night in sackcloth, you servants of my God, because no one brings grain offerings or drink offerings to the temple of your God anymore. 14 Announce a holy fast; proclaim a sacred assembly. Gather the elders and all the inhabitants of the land to the temple of the Lord your God, and cry out to the Lord. 15 How awful that day will be! For the day of the Lord is near; it will come as destruction from the Divine Destroyer. 16 Our food has been cut off right before our eyes! There is no longer any joy or gladness in the temple of our God. 17 The grains of seed have shriveled beneath their shovels.⁠ Storehouses have been decimated, and granaries have been torn down because the grain has dried up. 18 Listen to the cattle groan! The herds of livestock wander around in confusion because they have no pasture. Even the flocks of sheep are suffering. 19 To you, O Lord, I call out for help, for fire has burned up the pastures of the wilderness, flames have razed all the trees in the fields. 20 Even the wild animals long for you53,⁠ for the river beds have dried up; fire has destroyed the pastures of the wilderness.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 10:2 and Joel 1:3

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Joel echoes Exodus 10 by urging that the story of a locust plague be passed down through the generations so it is never forgotten. Where Exodus tells parents to share it with sons and grandsons, Joel adds another generation to the chain.

Passages

Exodus 10:2

Hebrew Bible
1 The Lord said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the heart of his servants, in order to display these signs of mine before him, 2 and in order that in the hearing of your son and your grandson you may tell how I made fools of the Egyptians and about my signs that I displayed among them, so that you may know that I am the Lord.” 3 So Moses and Aaron came to Pharaoh and told him, “This is what the Lord, the God of the Hebrews, has said: ‘How long do you refuse to humble yourself before me? Release my people so that they may serve me! 4 But if you refuse to release my people, I am going to bring locusts into your territory tomorrow.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Joel 1:3

Hebrew Bible
1 This is the Lord’s message that came to Joel the son of Pethuel: 2 Listen to this, you elders; pay attention, all inhabitants of the land. Has anything like this ever happened in your whole life or in the lifetime of your ancestors? 3 Tell your children about it; have your children tell their children, and their children the following generation. 4 What the gazam-locust left the ‘arbeh-locust consumed; what the ‘arbeh-locust left the yeleq-locust consumed, and what the yeleq-locust left the hasil-locust consumed.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Joel

References

"... The use in Joel of the locust plague from Exodus 10:1-20 has already been noted by scholars. Bergler's recent dissertation studies the extensive intertextual relationships between Joel and the Exodus narrative, including parallels in Joel 1:3; 2:26-27 and Exodus 10:1,2 concerning YHWH's self-identification and the instruction to the people to tell their children about YHWH's actions; Joel 2:19, 25 and Exodus 10:4 concerning the motif of "sending"; Joel 1:4; 2:25 and Exodus 10:5,12,15 concerning the devouring of the remnant or what is left over; Joel 1:2; 2:2 and Exodus 10:6, 14 concerning the threat posed by the locusts to houses that has not been seen since the days of the people's ancestors; Joel 2:20 and Exodus 10:17, 19 concerning YHWH's capacity to remove the threat from the land; and Joel 3:3-4:1 and the general pattern of signs and wonders in the Exodus ..."
Marvin A. Sweeney, Form and Intertextuality in Prophetic and Apocalyptic Literature (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005), 199.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 10:2 and Joel 1:3

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