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Job

About this book
Chapter 9

1 Then Job answered: 2 “Truly, I know that this is so. But how can a human be just before God? 3 If someone wishes to contend with him, he cannot answer him one time in a thousand. 4 He is wise in heart and mighty in strength—who has resisted him and remained safe?⁠ 5 He who removes mountains suddenly, who overturns them in his anger,⁠ 6 he who shakes the earth out of its place so that its pillars tremble, 7 he who commands the sun, and it does not shine and seals up the stars, 8 he alone spreads out the heavens⁠ and treads on the waves of the sea.⁠ 9 He makes the Bear, Orion, and the Pleiades,⁠ and the constellations of the southern sky;⁠ 10 he does great and unsearchable things, and wonderful things without number. 11 If he passes by me, I cannot see him; if he goes by, I cannot perceive him. 12 If he snatches away, who can turn him back? Who dares to say to him, ‘What are you doing?’⁠ 13 God does not restrain his anger; under him the helpers of Rahab lie crushed. 14 “How much less, then, can I answer him and choose my words to argue with him. 15 Although I am innocent, I could not answer him; I could only plead with my judge for mercy. 16 If I summoned him and he answered me, I would not believe that he would be listening to my voice— 17 he who crushes me with a tempest and multiplies my wounds for no reason. 18 He does not allow me to recover my breath, for he fills me with bitterness. 19 If it is a matter of strength, most certainly he is the strong one! And if it is a matter of justice, he will say, ‘Who will summon me?’ 20 Although I am innocent, my mouth would condemn me; although I am blameless, it would declare me perverse. 21 I am blameless. I do not know myself. I despise my life. 22 “It is all one! That is why I say, ‘He destroys the blameless and the guilty.’ 23 If a scourge brings sudden death, he mocks at the despair of the innocent. 24 If a land has been given into the hand of a wicked man, he covers the faces of its judges; if it is not he, then who is it? 25 “My days are swifter than a runner, they speed by without seeing happiness. 26 They glide by like reed boats, like an eagle that swoops down on its prey. 27 If I say, ‘I will forget my complaint, I will change my expression and be cheerful,’ 28 I dread all my sufferings, for I know that you do not hold me blameless. 29 If I am guilty, why then weary myself in vain? 30 If I wash myself with snow-melt water and make my hands clean with lye, 31 then you plunge me into a slimy pit and my own clothes abhor me. 32 For he is not a human being like I am, that I might answer him, that we might come together in judgment. 33 Nor is there an arbiter between us, who might lay his hand on us both, 34 who would take his rod away from me so that his terror would not make me afraid. 35 Then would I speak and not fear him, but it is not so with me.

Texts in conversation

Compare Amos 5:8 and Job 9:9 and Berakhot 58b

Hebrew Bible · Rabbinic

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Summary

Amos describes God making the Pleiades and Orion, and in Job 9, Job names them in reverse order. Rabbinic tradition in tractate Berakhot quotes these passages and interprets the Pleiades' cold as keeping Orion's heat from destroying the world.

Passages

Amos 5:8

Hebrew Bible
8 But there is one who made the constellations Pleiades and Orion; he can turn the darkness into morning and daylight into night. He summons the water of the seas and pours it out on the earth’s surface. The Lord is his name! 9 He flashes destruction down upon the strong so that destruction overwhelms the fortified places.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Amos

Job 9:9

Hebrew Bible
7 he who commands the sun, and it does not shine and seals up the stars, 8 he alone spreads out the heavens and treads on the waves of the sea. 9 He makes the Bear, Orion, and the Pleiades, and the constellations of the southern sky; 10 he does great and unsearchable things, and wonderful things without number.
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Job

Berakhot 58b

Rabbinic · Babylonian Talmud
On the subject of stars, the Gemara notes that Shmuel raised a contradiction between the implications of two verses with regard to constellations. On the one hand it is written: “Who makes Ursa Major, Orion, and Pleiades, and the chambers of the south” (Job 9:9); Orion precedes Pleiades. And on the other hand it is written: “He Who makes Pleiades and Orion” (Amos 5:8); Pleiades precedes Orion. So how is this reconciled? The Gemara replies: Were it not for Orion’s heat, the universe could not exist because of the cold of Pleiades; and conversely, were it not for the cold of Pleiades, the universe could not exist because of the heat of Orion.
450–550 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Berakhot

References

“... In Brochoth 58b, on account of an apparent contradiction between Job 9.9 and Amos 5.8 with regard to constellations, Shmuel declared, ‘Were it not for Orion’s heat, the universe could not exist because of the cold of Pleiades; and [conversely], were it not for the cold of Pleiades, the universe could not exist due to the heat of Orion’. ...”
David Rubin, “Astrology in the Torah: A Comparative Study of Astrological Themes in the Hebrew Bible and Babylonian Talmud” (MA diss., University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2019), 55.
“... The two constellations’ association with each other in the Hebrew Bible makes good sense given their proximity to each other in the sky. [...] This close association was maintained even postbiblically in the Talmud: [...] “Were it not for the heat of Kesil the world would not endure the cold of Kimah; and were it not for the cold of Kimah the world would not endure the heat of Kesil” (b. Ber. 58b). ...”
Jeffrey L. Cooley, Poetic Astronomy in the Ancient Near East: The Reflexes of Celestial Science in Ancient Mesopotamian, Ugaritic, and Israelite Narrative, HACL 5 (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2013), 231.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Amos 5:8 and Job 9:9 and Berakhot 58b

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