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Job

About this book
Chapter 38

1 Then the Lord answered Job out of the whirlwind:⁠ 2 “Who is this who darkens counsel with words without knowledge?⁠ 3 Get ready for a difficult task like a man; I will question you, and you will inform me.⁠ 4 “Where were you when I laid the foundation of the earth?⁠ Tell me, if you possess understanding.⁠ 5 Who set its measurements—if you know—or who stretched a measuring line across it? 6 On what were its bases set, or who laid its cornerstone— 7 when the morning stars sang in chorus, and all the sons of God shouted for joy?⁠ 8 “Who shut up the sea with doors when it burst forth, coming out of the womb,⁠ 9 when I made the storm clouds its garment and thick darkness its swaddling band, 10 when I prescribed its limits and set in place its bolts and doors, 11 when I said, ‘To here you may come and no farther, here your proud waves will be confined’? 12 Have you ever in your life commanded the morning, or made the dawn know its place, 13 that it might seize the corners of the earth and shake the wicked out of it? 14 The earth takes shape like clay under a seal; its features are dyed like a garment. 15 Then from the wicked the light is withheld, and the arm raised in violence is broken. 16 Have you gone to the springs that fill the sea or walked about in the recesses of the deep? 17 Have the gates of death been revealed to you? Have you seen the gates of deepest darkness?⁠ 18 Have you considered the vast expanses of the earth? Tell me, if you know it all. 19 “In what direction does light reside, and darkness, where is its place, 20 that you may take them to their borders and perceive the pathways to their homes? 21 You know, for you were born before them; and the number of your days is great! 22 Have you entered the storehouse of the snow or seen the armory of the hail,⁠ 23 which I reserve for the time of trouble, for the day of war and battle? 24 In what direction is lightning dispersed, or the east winds scattered over the earth? 25 Who carves out a channel for the heavy rains and a path for the rumble of thunder, 26 to cause it to rain on an uninhabited land, a wilderness where there are no human beings, 27 to satisfy a devastated and desolate land, and to cause it to sprout with vegetation? 28 Does the rain have a father, or who has fathered the drops of the dew? 29 From whose womb does the ice emerge, and the frost from the sky, who gives birth to it, 30 when the waters become hard like stone, when the surface of the deep is frozen solid? 31 Can you tie the bands of the Pleiades⁠ or release the cords of Orion?⁠ 32 Can you lead out the constellations in their seasons or guide the Bear with its cubs?⁠ 33 Do you know the laws of the heavens, or can you set up their rule over the earth? 34 Can you raise your voice to the clouds so that a flood of water covers you? 35 Can you send out lightning bolts, and they go? Will they say to you, ‘Here we are’? 36 Who has put wisdom in the heart or has imparted understanding to the mind? 37 Who by wisdom can count the clouds, and who can tip over the water jars of heaven, 38 when the dust hardens into a mass, and the clumps of earth stick together?⁠ 39 “Do you hunt prey for the lioness and satisfy the appetite of the lions 40 when they crouch in their dens, when they wait in ambush in the thicket? 41 Who prepares prey for the raven, when its young cry out to God and wander about for lack of food?

Texts in conversation

Compare Job 38:4 and 1 Enoch 93:11

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses

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Summary

1 Enoch depicts God asking rhetorical questions, similar to the questions asked of Job, that challenges humans' ability to understand divine power or purpose. 1 Enoch reshapes this tradition for an apocalyptic setting where these details are revealed.

Passages

Job 38:4

Hebrew Bible
3 Get ready for a difficult task like a man; I will question you, and you will inform me. 4 “Where were you when I laid the foundation of the earth? Tell me, if you possess understanding. 5 Who set its measurements—if you know—or who stretched a measuring line across it? 6 On what were its bases set, or who laid its cornerstone— 7 when the morning stars sang in chorus, and all the sons of God shouted for joy? 8 “Who shut up the sea with doors when it burst forth, coming out of the womb,
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Job

1 Enoch 93:11

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
11 For who among all the children of men is able to hear the voice of the Holy One without being troubled? And who can think His thoughts? And who is there that can look on all the works of heaven? 12 And how could there be one who could look on heaven, and who is there that could understand the things of heaven and see a soul or a spirit and could tell of it, or ascend and see all their ends and think them or do like them? 13 And who is there of all men that could know the breadth and the length of the earth, and to whom has the measure of all of them been shown? 14 Or is there anyone who could discern the length of heaven and how great its height is, and on what it is founded, and how great the number of the stars is, and where all the lights rest?
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

References

"... 1 Enoch 93:11–14 combines the literary features of rhetorical questions and a catalogue of the hidden aspects of creation. Wisdom texts, such as Job 38–39 and Proverbs 30:1–4, also combine rhetorical questions and lists of places and things. The combination in Job and Proverbs makes the point that humankind cannot fathom the profound character of God’s works in much of creation. In so-called apocalyptic literature, however, such combinations serve an entirely different purpose. Michael Stone suggests that some primitive formulaic lists were first modified by verbs and then expanded by references to regularity and proportionality. In 1 Enoch 93:11–14, the speculative content of such lists has been further adapted to the interrogative formulation of the wisdom tradition. The rhetorical questions imply that human knowledge of (esoteric) created phenomena is now possible because it was revealed to Enoch and has been imparted to the righteous as an eschatological gift ..."
Randal A. Argall, 1 Enoch and Sirach: A Comparative Literary and Conceptual Analysis of the Themes of Revelation, Creation and Judgment, EJL 8 (Atlanta: Scholar's, 1995), 124–125.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Job 38:4 and 1 Enoch 93:11

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