Go to Related Reading
About this book

Job

About this book
Chapter 38

1 Then the Lord answered Job out of the whirlwind:⁠ 2 “Who is this who darkens counsel with words without knowledge?⁠ 3 Get ready for a difficult task like a man; I will question you, and you will inform me.⁠ 4 “Where were you when I laid the foundation of the earth?⁠ Tell me, if you possess understanding.⁠ 5 Who set its measurements—if you know—or who stretched a measuring line across it? 6 On what were its bases set, or who laid its cornerstone— 7 when the morning stars sang in chorus, and all the sons of God shouted for joy?⁠ 8 “Who shut up the sea with doors when it burst forth, coming out of the womb,⁠ 9 when I made the storm clouds its garment and thick darkness its swaddling band, 10 when I prescribed its limits and set in place its bolts and doors, 11 when I said, ‘To here you may come and no farther, here your proud waves will be confined’? 12 Have you ever in your life commanded the morning, or made the dawn know its place, 13 that it might seize the corners of the earth and shake the wicked out of it? 14 The earth takes shape like clay under a seal; its features are dyed like a garment. 15 Then from the wicked the light is withheld, and the arm raised in violence is broken. 16 Have you gone to the springs that fill the sea or walked about in the recesses of the deep? 17 Have the gates of death been revealed to you? Have you seen the gates of deepest darkness?⁠ 18 Have you considered the vast expanses of the earth? Tell me, if you know it all. 19 “In what direction does light reside, and darkness, where is its place, 20 that you may take them to their borders and perceive the pathways to their homes? 21 You know, for you were born before them; and the number of your days is great! 22 Have you entered the storehouse of the snow or seen the armory of the hail,⁠ 23 which I reserve for the time of trouble, for the day of war and battle? 24 In what direction is lightning dispersed, or the east winds scattered over the earth? 25 Who carves out a channel for the heavy rains and a path for the rumble of thunder, 26 to cause it to rain on an uninhabited land, a wilderness where there are no human beings, 27 to satisfy a devastated and desolate land, and to cause it to sprout with vegetation? 28 Does the rain have a father, or who has fathered the drops of the dew? 29 From whose womb does the ice emerge, and the frost from the sky, who gives birth to it, 30 when the waters become hard like stone, when the surface of the deep is frozen solid? 31 Can you tie the bands of the Pleiades⁠ or release the cords of Orion?⁠ 32 Can you lead out the constellations in their seasons or guide the Bear with its cubs?⁠ 33 Do you know the laws of the heavens, or can you set up their rule over the earth? 34 Can you raise your voice to the clouds so that a flood of water covers you? 35 Can you send out lightning bolts, and they go? Will they say to you, ‘Here we are’? 36 Who has put wisdom in the heart or has imparted understanding to the mind? 37 Who by wisdom can count the clouds, and who can tip over the water jars of heaven, 38 when the dust hardens into a mass, and the clumps of earth stick together?⁠ 39 “Do you hunt prey for the lioness and satisfy the appetite of the lions 40 when they crouch in their dens, when they wait in ambush in the thicket? 41 Who prepares prey for the raven, when its young cry out to God and wander about for lack of food?

Texts in conversation

Compare Job 38:31 and 1 Enoch 18:13

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses

Share:

Summary

In Job 38, God asks Job if he can tie the bands of the Pleiades. 1 Enoch describes a similar binding of seven stars imprisoned for not rising on time, possibly the Pleiades, which Mesopotamian tradition may have seen as seven demons bound in the sky.

Passages

Job 38:31

Hebrew Bible
31 Can you tie the bands of the Pleiades or release the cords of Orion? 32 Can you lead out the constellations in their seasons or guide the Bear with its cubs? 33 Do you know the laws of the heavens, or can you set up their rule over the earth?
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Job

1 Enoch 18:13

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
12 And beyond that abyss I saw a place which had no dome of heaven above, and no firmly founded earth beneath it; there was no water upon it, and no birds, but it was a waste and horrible place. 13 I saw there seven stars like great burning mountains, and to me, when I inquired about them, 14 The angel said: 'This place is the end of heaven and earth; this has become a prison for the stars and the army of heaven. 15 And the stars which roll over the fire are those which have transgressed the command of the Lord at the beginning of their rising, because they did not come forth at their appointed times. 16 And He was angry with them, and bound them until the time when their guilt should be consummated, even for ten thousand years.'
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

References

“... In Mesopotamia, for example, the rightly timed rising of the seven stars was a positive omen for the land; when the Pleiades did not rise at the expected time, an evil portent was given. In the ancient Near East, the Pleiades were associated with the binding of the Sibettu demons of which there are seven. The Sibettu-Pleiades were designated sons of the underworld god Enmešarra, who, when defeated by Marduk, were bound and placed in jail. Enmešarra and his sons remain under permanent guard, and at night the demon sons are the Pleiades in the eastern sky, seven stars bound. Job 38:31 may know of a similar tradition as it also refers to the chains or shackles of the Pleiades. The bound stars of 1 Enoch 18:13–16 and 21:3–6 greatly resemble Enmešarra’s sons confined in the form of the constellation and the fettered Pleiades in Job. [...] The correspondence between the Pleiades and the seven stars in 1 Enoch 18:13–16 chastised for not appearing at the expected time is strong. [...] The Near Eastern tradition concerning Enmešarra’s rebellious sons, bound in the form of the Pleiades in the eastern horizon, is a functional parallel to the seven disobedient stars imprisoned in 1 Enoch 18:13–16 and 21:3–6. ...”
Kelley Coblentz Bautch, A Study of the Geography of 1 Enoch 17–19: "No One Has Seen What I Have Seen", JSJSup 81 (Leiden: Brill, 2003), 148–149.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Tags

Your feedback

Job 38:31 and 1 Enoch 18:13

Leave a comment

Your questions and comments are welcome!

Comments

Glossary

Search the Library