Go to Related Reading
About this book

Job

About this book
Chapter 34

1 Elihu answered: 2 “Listen to my words, you wise men; hear me, you learned men. 3 For the ear assesses words as the mouth tastes food. 4 Let us evaluate for ourselves what is right; let us come to know among ourselves what is good. 5 For Job says, ‘I am innocent, but God turns away my right. 6 Concerning my right, should I lie? My wound is incurable, although I am without transgression.’ 7 Who is there like Job, who drinks derision like water? 8 He goes about in company with evildoers; he goes along with wicked men. 9 For he says, ‘It does not profit a man when he makes his delight with God.’ 10 “Therefore, listen to me, you men of understanding. Far be it from God to do wickedness, from the Almighty to do evil. 11 For he repays a person for his work, and according to the conduct of a person, he causes the consequences to find him. 12 Indeed, in truth, God does not act wickedly, and the Almighty does not pervert justice. 13 Who entrusted to him the earth? And who put him over the whole world? 14 If God were to set his heart on it, and gather in his spirit and his breath,⁠ 15 all flesh would perish together, and human beings would return to dust. 16 “If you have understanding, listen to this, hear what I have to say. 17 Do you really think that one who hates justice can govern? And will you declare guilty the supremely Righteous One, 18 who says to a king, ‘Worthless man,’ and to nobles, ‘Wicked men,’ 19 who shows no partiality to princes, and does not take note of the rich more than the poor because all of them are the work of his hands?⁠ 20 In a moment they die, in the middle of the night; people are shaken, and they pass away. The mighty are removed effortlessly. 21 For his eyes are on the ways of an individual; he observes all a person’s steps. 22 There is no darkness, and no deep darkness, where evildoers can hide themselves. 23 For he does not still consider a person, that he should come before God in judgment. 24 He shatters the great without inquiry and sets up others in their place. 25 Therefore, he knows their deeds; he overthrows them in the night, and they are crushed. 26 He strikes them for their wickedness in a place where people can see, 27 because they have turned away from following him and have not understood any of his ways, 28 so that they caused the cry of the poor to come before him, so that he hears the cry of the needy. 29 But if God is quiet, who can condemn him? If he hides his face, then who can see him? Yet he is over the individual and the nation alike, 30 so that the godless man should not rule and not lay snares for the people. 31 “Has anyone said to God, ‘I have endured chastisement, but I will not act wrongly any more; 32 teach me what I cannot see; if I have done evil, I will do so no more’? 33 Is it your opinion that God should recompense it, because you reject this? But you must choose, and not I, so tell us what you know. 34 Men of understanding say to me—any wise man listening to me says— 35 that Job speaks without knowledge and his words are without understanding. 36 But Job will be tested to the end, because his answers are like those of wicked men. 37 For he adds transgression to his sin; in our midst he claps his hands and multiplies his words against God.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Psalm 104:29 and Job 34:14

Hebrew Bible

Share:

Summary

Psalm 104 and Job 34 share similar language, based on Genesis, that describes how life depends on the divine gift of breath and returns to dust when it is withdrawn. Both use this imagery to describe mortality and the cycle of creation and decay.

Passages

Psalm 104:29

Hebrew Bible
27 All your creatures wait for you to provide them with food on a regular basis. 28 You give food to them and they receive it; you open your hand and they are filled with food. 29 When you ignore them, they panic. When you take away their life’s breath, they die and return to dust. 30 When you send your life-giving breath, they are created, and you replenish the surface of the ground. 31 May the splendor of the Lord endure. May the Lord find pleasure in the living things he has made.
600–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Psalms

Job 34:14

Hebrew Bible
12 Indeed, in truth, God does not act wickedly, and the Almighty does not pervert justice. 13 Who entrusted to him the earth? And who put him over the whole world? 14 If God were to set his heart on it, and gather in his spirit and his breath, 15 all flesh would perish together, and human beings would return to dust. 16 “If you have understanding, listen to this, hear what I have to say.
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Job

References

"... God’s sovereign control over death itself is affirmed in another parallel, Job 34:14–15 / Ecclesiastes 12:7 and 3:20, cited by both Dhorme and Schoors ... The idea of the human spirit or breath being gathered is also found in Psalm 104:29: “when you take away their breath, they die and return to their dust.” ... The verbal correspondence between Job 34:14–15 and Psalm 104:29 is so close and extensive, including the use “die” (eight times in Job), that some type of dependence seems likely here, one text either expanding or abbreviating the other. This raises the question of whether Ecclesiastes has been influenced here by Psalm 104 rather than by Job 34. (Both Ecclesiastes 3:20 and Psalm 104:29, as well as Genesis 3:19, use the directive preposition ...) The expression “and the breath returns to God who gave it” in Ecclesiastes 12:7, which may recall Ecclesiastes 3:21, “the human spirit goes upward,” is a more passive way to say “If he should take back his spirit to himself, and gather to himself his breath,” as in Job. Job 34:15 admittedly more closely parallels Ecclesiastes 3:20, but it is likely that both Ecclesiastes 3:20 and 12:7 are dependent rather on Genesis 3:19 ..."
Richard L. Schultz, “Job and Ecclesiastes: Intertextuality and a Protesting Pair,” in Reading Job Intertextually, ed. Katharine Dell and Will Kynes (New York: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2013), 190–203.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

Your feedback

Psalm 104:29 and Job 34:14

Leave a comment

Your questions and comments are welcome!

Comments

Glossary

Search the Library