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Job

About this book
Chapter 28

1 “Surely there is a mine for silver and a place where gold is refined. 2 Iron is taken from the ground, and rock is poured out as copper. 3 Man puts an end to the darkness; he searches the farthest recesses for the ore in the deepest darkness. 4 Far from where people live he sinks a shaft, in places travelers have long forgotten, far from other people he dangles and sways. 5 The earth, from which food comes, is overturned below as though by fire; 6 a place whose stones are sapphires that contain dust of gold; 7 a hidden path no bird of prey knows—no falcon’s eye has spotted it. 8 Proud beasts have not set foot on it, and no lion has passed along it. 9 On the flinty rock man has set to work with his hand; he has overturned mountains at their bases. 10 He has cut out channels through the rocks; his eyes have spotted every precious thing. 11 He has searched the sources of the rivers, and what was hidden he has brought into the light. 12 “But wisdom—where can it be found? Where is the place of understanding? 13 Mankind does not know its place; it cannot be found in the land of the living. 14 The deep says, ‘It is not with me.’ And the sea says, ‘It is not with me.’ 15 Fine gold cannot be given in exchange for it, nor can its price be weighed out in silver. 16 It cannot be measured out for purchase with the gold of Ophir, with precious onyx or sapphires. 17 Neither gold nor crystal can be compared with it, nor can a vase of gold match its worth. 18 Of coral and jasper no mention will be made; the price of wisdom is more than pearls.⁠ 19 The topaz of Cush cannot be compared with it; it cannot be purchased with pure gold. 20 “But wisdom—where does it come from?⁠ Where is the place of understanding? 21 For it has been hidden from the eyes of every living creature, and from the birds of the sky it has been concealed. 22 Abaddon and Death say, ‘With our ears we have heard a rumor about where it can be found.’⁠ 23 God understands the way to it, and he alone knows its place. 24 For he looks to the ends of the earth and observes everything under the heavens.⁠ 25 When he made the force of the wind and measured the waters with a gauge, 26 when he imposed a limit for the rain, and a path for the thunderstorm, 27 then he looked at wisdom and assessed its value; he established it and examined it closely. 28 And he said to mankind, ‘The fear of the Lord—that is wisdom, and to turn away from evil is understanding.’”⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Job 28:22 and Revelation 9:11

Hebrew Bible · New Testament

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Summary

Revelation introduces Abaddon as a divine being, the angel of the abyss who leads destructive forces. This figure may be based on Job, where Abaddon and Death are personified to express ignorance about the source of wisdom.

Passages

Job 28:22

Hebrew Bible
20 “But wisdom—where does it come from? Where is the place of understanding? 21 For it has been hidden from the eyes of every living creature, and from the birds of the sky it has been concealed. 22 Abaddon and Death say, ‘With our ears we have heard a rumor about where it can be found.’ 23 God understands the way to it, and he alone knows its place. 24 For he looks to the ends of the earth and observes everything under the heavens.
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Job

Revelation 9:11

New Testament
9 They had breastplates like iron breastplates, and the sound of their wings was like the noise of many horse-drawn chariots charging into battle. 10 They have tails and stingers like scorpions, and their ability to injure people for five months is in their tails. 11 They have as king over them the angel of the abyss, whose name in Hebrew is Abaddon, and in Greek, Apollyon. 12 The first woe has passed, but two woes are still coming after these things!
92–96 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Revelation

References

"... Of the remaining terms, 'the dust' is used as in Isaiah 26:19 and Daniel 12:2, two key passages for the Jewish concept of resurrection, as well as in other Old Testament passages (e.g. Job 17:16; 20:11; Psalm 22:29; 30:10), for the place of the dead. 'The angel of death' in text E (2 Baruch 21:23) may be Abaddon, who is 'the angel of the abyss' in Revelation 9:11. The personification of Abaddon in Job 28:22 could have led to the idea that he is the angel in charge of the underworld and therefore the angelic power to whom God entrusts the dead. In Revelation 20:13 the three places of the dead are the sea, Death and Hades. The personified Death may be this author's substitute for Abaddon, since he has used the latter name for the king of the demons (rather than the ruler of the dead) in 9:11. Death and Hades are a standard pair in Revelation (1:18; 6:8; 20:13-14) and may represent the Old Testament pair Sheol and Abaddon, though there is also Old Testament precedent for the pair Death and Sheol (Hosea 13:14). More problematic is the sea. it is not plausible to introduce a distinction between body and soul into this verse, so that sea is the place from which the bodies of those who have died at sea are recovered, while Death and Hades surrender their souls. In this case, the earth as the place where the bodies of other people are to be found would surely have to be mentioned too. But in any case, the object of both clauses is 'the dead'. The language is clearly not intended to distinguish soul and body, but simply to speak of the return of the dead ..."
Richard Bauckham, The Fate of the Dead: Studies on the Jewish and Christian Apocalypses, NovTSup 93 (Leiden: Brill, 1998), 279–280.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Job 28:22 and Revelation 9:11

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