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Job

About this book
Chapter 14

1 “Man, born of woman, lives but a few days,⁠ and they are full of trouble. 2 He grows up like a flower and then withers away; he flees like a shadow and does not remain. 3 Do you fix your eye on such a one? And do you bring me before you for judgment? 4 Who can make a clean thing come from an unclean? No one! 5 Since man’s days are determined, the number of his months is under your control; you have set his limit, and he cannot pass it.⁠ 6 Look away from him and let him desist, until he fulfills his time like a hired man. 7 “But there is hope for a tree: If it is cut down, it will sprout again, and its new shoots will not fail. 8 Although its roots may grow old in the ground and its stump begins to die in the soil, 9 at the scent of water it will flourish and put forth shoots like a new plant. 10 But man dies and is powerless; he expires—and where is he?⁠ 11 As water disappears from the sea, or a river drains away and dries up, 12 so man lies down and does not rise; until the heavens are no more, they will not awake nor arise from their sleep. 13 “O that you would hide me in Sheol, and conceal me till your anger has passed! O that you would set me a time and then remember me! 14 If a man dies, will he live again? All the days of my hard service I will wait until my release comes. 15 You will call and I—I will answer you; you will long for the creature you have made.⁠ 16 “Surely now you count my steps; then you would not mark my sin. 17 My offenses would be sealed up in a bag; you would cover over my sin. 18 But as a mountain falls away and crumbles, and as a rock will be removed from its place, 19 as water wears away stones, and torrents wash away the soil, so you destroy man’s hope. 20 You overpower him once for all, and he departs; you change his appearance and send him away. 21 If his sons are honored, he does not know it; if they are brought low, he does not see it. 22 His flesh only has pain for him, and he mourns for himself.”

Texts in conversation

Compare A Prayer to Nabu and Job 14:5

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Job 14 describes how God determines how long people live, following ancient Near Eastern traditions, such as a prayer to Nabu, where the god determines the length of lives and records them on a heavenly tablet.

Passages

A Prayer to Nabu

Ancient Near East, Babylonian
O Nabu, true heir, exalted vizier, foremost among the great ones, beloved of Marduk, look upon me with favor and delight. Regard my deeds kindly, and grant me as your gift enduring life, the fullness of great old age, the stability of my throne, the length of my reign, the downfall of my enemies, and dominion over hostile lands. On your faithful tablet, which sets the boundaries of heaven and the netherworld, decree the length of my days; record for me a life of many years. Before Marduk, king of heaven and the netherworld, the father who brought you forth, make my deeds acceptable and establish my well-being. Place these words upon your lips: “Nebuchadnezzar is truly king, the one who provides.”
600 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in A Prayer to Nabu

Job 14:5

Hebrew Bible
3 Do you fix your eye on such a one? And do you bring me before you for judgment? 4 Who can make a clean thing come from an unclean? No one! 5 Since man’s days are determined, the number of his months is under your control; you have set his limit, and he cannot pass it. 6 Look away from him and let him desist, until he fulfills his time like a hired man.
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Job

References

"... in ancient conceptions, including that of Israel, the concomitant human issues of justice and boundaries were predicated upon the existence of a divinely ordained world order. The limits set on human beings have their counterpart and cosmic archetype in the good limits or boundaries, the norms which God has established for creation. We may say that creation order grounds and norms social order ... the divine royal activity of establishing cosmic ḥuqqîm is mirrored in the human realm of kings and rulers who “decree (yḥqqw) what is just” (Proverbs 8:15). The basic idea of this root has to do with “marking” or “engraving.” In the realm of “nature,” including the constraints of a mortal lifespan, the divine limits are necessarily observed (Job 14:5) ..."
Raymond van Leeuwen, “Liminality and Worldview in Proverbs 1–9,” in Paraenesis: Act and Form, ed. Leo G. Perdue and John G. Gammie, Semeia 50 (Atlanta: Scholars, 1990), 111–144.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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A Prayer to Nabu and Job 14:5

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