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About this book

Sirach

Ben Sira, Ecclesiasticus

About this book

Moses

Chapter 45

1 a man loved by God and men, Moses, whose memory is blessed. 2 He made him equal to the glory of the holy ones, and made him great through his enemies’ fears. 3 By his words he made the wonders stop. God glorified him in the sight of kings. He gave him commandments for his people and showed him part of his glory. 4 He made holy him in his faithfulness and gentleness. He chose him out of all people. 5 He made him hear his voice, led him into the thick darkness, and gave him commandments face to face, even the law of life and knowledge, so that he might teach Jacob the covenant, and Israel his judgments.

Aaron and the Priesthood

6 He exalted Aaron, a holy man like his brother Moses, from the tribe of Levi. 7 He established an everlasting covenant with him, and gave him the priesthood of the people. He blessed him with dignity, and dressed him in a glorious robe. 8 He clothed him in perfect splendor, and strengthened him with symbols of authority: the linen trousers, the long robe, and the ephod. 9 He encircled him with pomegranates, with many golden bells around him, to make a sound as he walked, to make a sound that might be heard in the temple, as a reminder for the children of his people,⁠ 10 with a holy garment, with gold, blue, and purple, the work of the embroiderer, with an oracle of judgment, Urim and Thummim, 11 with twisted scarlet, the work of the craftsman, with precious stones engraved like a signet, in a setting of gold, the work of the jeweler, for a reminder engraved in writing, according to the number of the tribes of Israel, 12 with a crown of gold on the turban, having engraved on it, as on a signet, “Holiness,” an ornament of honor, the work of an expert, the desires of the eyes, fine and beautiful.

13 Before him there had never been anything like it. No outsider put them on, but only his sons and his offspring forever. 14 His sacrifices will be completely burned, twice every day continually. 15 Moses consecrated him, and anointed him with holy oil. It was an everlasting covenant with him and to his offspring, all the days of heaven, to serve the Lord, to serve as a priest, and to bless his people in his name. 16 He chose him out of all living to offer sacrifice to the Lord, incense, and a sweet fragrance, for a memorial, to make atonement for your people. 17 In his commandments, he gave him authority in the covenants of judgments, to teach Jacob the testimonies, and to enlighten Israel in his law.

18 Strangers conspired against him and envied him in the wilderness: Dathan and Abiram with their company, and the congregation of Korah, with fury and anger. 19 The Lord saw it, and it displeased him. In his furious anger, they were destroyed. He did wonders on them, to consume them with flaming fire. 20 He added glory to Aaron, and gave him an inheritance. He allotted him the first fruits of the harvest, and prepared bread of first fruits in abundance. 21 For they eat the sacrifices of the Lord, which he gave to him and to his offspring. 22 However, in the land of the people, he has no inheritance, and he has no portion among the people, for the Lord himself is your portion and inheritance.

Phinehas and the Covenant of Peace

23 Phinehas the son of Eleazar is the third in glory, because he was zealous in the fear of the Lord,⁠ and stood firm when the people turned away, and he made atonement for Israel. 24 Therefore, a covenant of peace was established for him, so that he would be leader of the sanctuary and of his people, so that he and his offspring would have the dignity of the priesthood forever. 25 Also he made a covenant with David the son of Jesse, of the tribe of Judah. The inheritance of the king is his alone from son to son. So the inheritance of Aaron is also to his offspring. 26 May God give you wisdom in your heart to judge his people in righteousness, so that their good things may not be abolished, and that their glory may last for all their generations.

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Texts in conversation

Compare Numbers 25:13 and Jesus Ben Sira, Sirach 45:24

Hebrew Bible · Deuterocanon

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Summary

In Numbers, God gives Phinehas a covenant of peace and a lasting priesthood for his zeal and atonement. Sirach draws on that gift, calling it a covenant of friendship and ranking the priesthood of Aaron’s line above the covenant with David.

Passages

Numbers 25:13

Hebrew Bible
11 “Phinehas son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, has turned my anger away from the Israelites, when he manifested such zeal for my sake among them, so that I did not consume the Israelites in my zeal. 12 Therefore, announce: ‘I am going to give to him my covenant of peace. 13 So it will be to him and his descendants after him a covenant of a permanent priesthood, because he has been zealous for his God, and has made atonement for the Israelites.’” 14 Now the name of the Israelite who was stabbed—the one who was stabbed with the Midianite woman—was Zimri son of Salu, a leader of a clan of the Simeonites.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

Jesus Ben Sira, Sirach 45:24

Deuterocanon · Ben Sira, Ecclesiasticus
22 However, in the land of the people, he has no inheritance,
and he has no portion among the people,
for the Lord himself is your portion and inheritance.
23 Phinehas the son of Eleazar is the third in glory,
because he was zealous in the fear of the Lord,
and stood firm when the people turned away,
and he made atonement for Israel.
24 Therefore, a covenant of peace was established for him,
so that he would be leader of the sanctuary and of his people,
so that he and his offspring would have the dignity of the priesthood forever.
25 Also he made a covenant with David the son of Jesse, of the tribe of Judah.
The inheritance of the king is his alone from son to son.
So the inheritance of Aaron is also to his offspring.
195–175 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jesus Ben Sira, Sirach

References

... Thus, in Sirach 45:24–25 Ben Sira once again grounds contemporary practice in history; according to Ben Sira, the responsibility of ruling Israel was initially given to Aaron, Phinehas and their descendants before it was given to David, and furthermore, it reverted to their descendants after the fall of the monarchy. Thus, Ben Sira provides a theological-historical account of why the high priesthood of his day has legitimately (re-)assumed the privilege of ruling Israel, an account upon which he will build in Sirach 50:1–4 in his praise of Simon. ...
A. Jordan Schmidt, Wisdom, Cosmos, and Cultus in the Book of Sirach (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2019), 402–404.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Numbers 25:13 and Jesus Ben Sira, Sirach 45:24

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